Fig. 1

The overall composition of the Xandar unit and a general guideline of weighting. Note. The number in Figure 1(a), highlighted in grey and italics, indicates the item number of the Xandar unit corresponding to each subskill. The item difficulty values in Figure 1 (b) are reported on the PISA scale. The framework of Figure 1 is based on the OECD (2016, 2017b). Adapted from the PISA 2015 collaborative problem-solving framework, by the OECD, 2017 (https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisaproducts/Draft%20PISA%202015%20Collaborative%20Problem%20Solving%20Framework%20.pdf). Copyright 2017 by the OECD. The data for the descriptions of the Xandar unit are from OECD (2016). Adapted from Description of the released unit from the 2015 PISA collaborative problem-solving assessment, collaborative problem-solving skills, and proficiency levels, by the OECD, 2016 (https://www.oecd.org/pisa/test/CPS-Xandar-scoring-guide.pdf). Copyright 2016 by the OECD