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Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 1 Direct and Indirect Effects of SES on Students’ Achievement after Mediation

From: Mediating effects of motivation and socioeconomic status on reading achievement: a secondary analysis of PISA 2018

Country

Initial direct effect of SES → Read. Ach

Final models

Direct effect of SES → Read. Ach after mediation

Total indirect effects

% of indirect effects

Indirect effect through the mediators

Mast. App. Goals

Enj. of Read

Exp. Occ. St

Austria

.348

.233

.115

32.98

NSS

.055

.060

Belarus

.445

.295

.150

33.68

NSS

.059

.090

Belgium

.407

.326

.081

19.99

NSS

.028

.053

Bosnia and Herzegovina

.271

.153

.118

43.55

NSS

.018

.100

Bulgaria

.390

.277

.113

28.88

NSS

.029

.084

Croatia

.266

.111

.155

58.34

NSS

.023

.132

Cyprus

.259

.184

.075

29.01

.005

.021

.049

Czech Republic

.437

.240

.197

45.09

NSS

.059

.138

Denmark

.336

.272

.064

19.01

.003

.031

.030

Estonia

.251

.139

.112

44.57

.014

.053

.045

Finland

.304

.145

.159

52.31

NSS

.091

.068

France

.456

.320

.136

29.77

NSS

.034

.102

Germany

.419

.298

.121

28.89

NSS

.049

.072

Greece

.312

.213

.099

31.62

NSS

.040

.058

Hungary

.433

.250

.183

42.22

NSS

.056

.127

Iceland

.245

.145

.100

40.71

.027

.046

.027

Ireland

.319

.179

.140

43.89

NSS

.090

.050

Italy

.279

.177

.102

36.52

NSS

.023

.079

Kosovo

.222

.182

.040

18.04

.007

NSS

.033

Latvia

.235

.122

.113

48.01

NSS

.044

.068

Lithuania

.346

.229

.117

33.75

.006

.013

.098

Luxembourg

.419

.304

.115

27.49

NSS

.045

.071

Malta

.271

.151

.120

44.21

.003

.034

.082

Moldova

.414

.294

.120

28.99

.004

.020

.096

Montenegro

.232

.154

.078

33.54

NSS

.025

.052

Netherlands

.329

.229

.100

30.39

NSS

.041

.059

Norway

.266

.166

.100

37.62

.035

.028

.038

Poland

.331

.184

.147

44.42

NSS

.060

.087

Portugal

.353

.221

.132

37.43

NSS

.051

.082

Romania

.401

.279

.122

30.43

NSS

.023

.099

Russia

.267

.196

.071

26.49

NSS

.045

.026

Serbia

.294

.187

.107

36.39

NSS

.019

.088

Slovak Republic

.415

.276

.139

33.47

.004

.030

.104

Slovenia

.322

.185

.137

42.53

NSS

.046

.091

Sweden

.317

.247

.070

22.05

NSS

.044

.026

Switzerland

.385

.245

.140

36.41

.001

.065

.074

Ukraine

.377

.276

.101

26.72

NSS

.046

.054

United Kingdom

.271

.174

.097

35.88

NSS

.048

.049

  1. SES Socioeconomic Status, Read. Achiev. Reading Achievement, Mast. App. Goals Mastery-approach orientation of achievement goals, Enj. of Read. Enjoyment of reading, Exp. Occ. St. Expected occupational status, NSS Not statistically significant
  2. All values are statistically significant at p < .05
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