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Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 5 Trend estimates in country standard deviations and their linking errors for the PISA Trend from 2006 to 2009 in reading

From: Comparing different trend estimation approaches in country means and standard deviations in international large-scale assessment studies

cnt

Estimate

Linking error

I1

I2

I3

I4

D2

D4

I1

I2

I3

I4

D2

D4

AUS

 − 2.1

 − 4.7

11.8*

9.5*

 − 5.0

9.5*

3.8

3.7

6.6

4.1

4.8

4.1

AUT

 − 9.2

 − 11.7

11.2

7.1

 − 4.3

6.3

7.7

6.0

7.5

7.4

5.9

7.4

BEL

 − 9.1*

 − 8.6*

 − 1.1

 − 0.4

 − 12.3*

 − 0.4

6.3

6.0

4.2

4.0

3.4

4.0

CAN

 − 7.1

 − 7.6

2.4

2.0

 − 15.5*

2.0

9.0

6.8

2.7

1.7

9.3

1.7

CHE

 − 6.9

 − 9.9*

8.5

6.8

 − 5.5

6.8

5.9

6.4

10.4

9.1

6.5

9.1

CHL

 − 14.6*

 − 24.1*

 − 2.3

2.2

 − 16.6*

1.9

9.6

6.3

4.9

5.5

19.2

6.0

CZE

 − 26.5*

 − 25.8*

 − 6.7

 − 7.8

 − 21.2*

 − 7.8

10.7

9.6

5.9

2.9

10.5

2.9

DEU

 − 20.1*

 − 17.4*

 − 7.4

 − 6.8

 − 19.0*

 − 6.8

7.1

5.9

6.7

4.8

5.8

4.8

DNK

 − 11.3*

 − 9.7*

7.5

5.6

 − 8.4

5.0

6.1

5.9

3.5

3.5

7.2

3.6

ESP

0.5

 − 11.6*

12.5*

5.6

 − 14.3*

5.8

9.2

5.2

10.0

5.4

8.3

5.0

EST

 − 7.0*

 − 9.8*

6.3

3.9

 − 4.8

3.9

8.7

8.7

2.7

2.8

5.8

2.8

FIN

 − 3.9

 − 7.4*

10.8*

7.6

 − 4.9

6.7

12.6

6.6

7.5

4.0

5.4

3.2

FRA

1.3

 − 4.2

9.8

11.8

 − 6.6

11.8

9.4

5.6

9.3

12.3

7.8

12.3

GBR

 − 10.3*

 − 11.6*

1.6

1.2

 − 13.0*

1.2

4.6

5.6

6.4

7.3

6.1

7.3

GRC

 − 5.9

 − 11.5*

13.0*

8.7

 − 24.4*

8.7

4.5

4.7

14.5

14.0

11.6

14.0

HUN

 − 7.4

 − 5.5

7.6

5.7

 − 5.3

5.1

6.6

5.9

3.4

4.7

6.3

3.0

IRL

 − 6.2

 − 6.9

9.7*

7.9

 − 9.0*

7.9

6.8

8.1

6.4

4.4

7.1

4.4

ISL

 − 0.9

 − 4.6

11.4*

10.1

 − 6.2

10.1

9.5

10.5

5.1

10.3

15.7

10.3

ISR

 − 5.4

 − 8.4

11.3*

14.6

 − 16.9*

14.6*

12.3

10.1

3.8

4.0

10.3

4.0

ITA

 − 7.7

 − 9.6*

6.1

6.4

 − 16.9*

6.4

5.3

8.2

6.1

6.5

8.1

6.5

JPN

 − 7.8

 − 6.2

11.4*

8.1

 − 5.0

7.6

3.6

7.5

10.9

5.5

4.1

5.8

KOR

 − 19.8*

 − 11.7*

 − 5.8

 − 2.3

 − 9.1

 − 1.1

11.8

13.8

9.1

7.3

11.4

7.1

LUX

 − 4.1

 − 7.1*

12.5*

9.6

 − 7.9

9.6

7.1

8.2

4.3

4.6

9.5

4.7

MEX

 − 7.0*

 − 10.0*

10.1*

8.9*

 − 12.5*

8.9*

10.6

6.9

5.4

7.6

12.3

7.6

NLD

 − 13.7*

 − 10.6

 − 4.6

 − 3.3

 − 9.8*

 − 3.3

9.0

8.6

4.5

5.1

9.9

5.1

NOR

 − 16.2*

 − 17.9*

4.0

 − 0.8

 − 18.3*

0.3

4.6

5.4

5.4

5.7

10.3

5.2

POL

 − 17.1*

 − 16.3*

0.9

2.2

 − 14.5*

2.2

9.3

8.4

5.3

6.1

7.9

6.1

PRT

 − 12.9*

 − 20.6*

3.9

 − 0.6

 − 16.3*

 − 0.6

7.5

5.0

12.9

10.9

6.8

10.9

SWE

 − 7.9*

 − 5.1

14.8*

14.7*

 − 6.5

14.7*

7.1

8.0

10.2

12.9

12.4

12.9

TUR

 − 6.4

 − 7.9

1.6

0.4

 − 15.1

0.4

10.8

7.0

8.7

6.1

8.1

6.1

  1. cnt country
  2. *Statistically significant trend estimates (p < .05) with used standard error \({mathrm{TE}}_{\mathrm{IPD}}\) Estimates in I2, I3, I4, D2 and D4 that significantly differ from I1 are printed in bold
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