Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 1 Overview of different analysis models in the simulation study

From: Comparing different trend estimation approaches in country means and standard deviations in international large-scale assessment studies

Model	Link	Inv	Items
I1 (original)	Indirect	Yes	All
I2	Indirect	No	All
I3	Indirect	Yes	Link
I4	Indirect	No	Link
D2 (marginal)	Direct	No	All
D4	Direct	No	Link

Inv assumption of invariant item parameters across countries; indirect indirect linking; direct direct linking

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