Measuring student well-being in adolescence: proposal of a five-factor integrative model based on PISA 2018 survey data

Courtney, Matthew Gordon Ray; Hernández-Torrano, Daniel; Karakus, Mehmet; Singh, Neha

doi:10.1186/s40536-023-00170-y

Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 2 Descriptive statistics and variance components for well-being related variables

From: Measuring student well-being in adolescence: proposal of a five-factor integrative model based on PISA 2018 survey data

Item Description	Abbreviation	PISA Code	M	SD	Skew	B-School	B-Country
	Satisfaction with General Life^a How satisfied are you with each of the following?
Your health	Health	WB155Q01HA	3.17	0.73	− 0.76	0.024	0.024
The way that you look	Look	WB155Q02HA	2.97	0.79	− 0.55	0.032	0.039
The friends you have	Friends	WB155Q04HA	3.33	0.69	− 0.90	0.018	0.021
The neighborhood you live in	Hood	WB155Q05HA	3.15	0.76	0.54	0.029	0.029
All the things you have	Things	WB155Q06HA	3.34	0.66	− 0.85	0.026	0.053
How you use your time	Time	WB155Q07HA	2.92	0.81	− 0.31	0.044	0.028
Your relationship with your parents/guardians	Parents	WB155Q08HA	3.27	0.76	− 0.93	0.017	0.024
	Satisfaction with School^a How satisfied are you with each of the following?
What you learn at school	Learning	WB155Q03HA	2.91	0.75	0.33	0.041	0.031
Your relationship with your teachers	Teachers	WB155Q09HA	3.01	0.74	0.53	0.032	0.012
Your life at school	School	WB155Q10HA	3.02	0.76	− 0.72	0.033	0.013
	Positive Affect^b Thinking about yourself and how you normally feel: how often do you feel as described below?
Joyful	Joyful	ST186Q01HA	3.36	0.69	0.84	0.020	0.037
Cheerful	Cheerful	ST186Q03HA	3.39	0.68	0.85	0.020	0.027
Happy	Happy	ST186Q05HA	3.34	0.64	0.99	0.016	0.050
Lively	Lively	ST186Q07HA	3.28	0.71	0.56	0.016	0.019
	Negative Affect^b Thinking about yourself and how you normally feel: how often do you feel as described below?
Afraid	Afraid	ST186Q02HA	2.48	0.85	− 0.62	0.028	0.170
Scared	Scared	ST186Q06HA	2.21	0.78	0.14	0.034	0.060,
Sad	Sad	ST186Q08HA	2.52	0.75	− 0.29	0.032	0.036
Miserable	Miserable	ST186Q10HA	2.22	0.85	− 0.74	0.027	0.078
	Meaning in Life^c Select your level of agreement
My life has clear meaning or purpose	Purpose	ST185Q01HA	2.94	0.83	− 0.23	0.030	0.050
I have discovered a satisfactory meaning in life	Meaning	ST185Q02HA	2.82	0.82	− 0.41	0.028	0.049
I have a clear sense of what gives meaning to my life	Sense	ST185Q03HA	2.91	0.85	− 0.38	0.023	0.023
	Additional Items
Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?	OLS	ST016Q01NA^d	7.21	2.50	0.41	0.039	0.046
Totals: M(SD)		–	–	–	–	0.028 (0.008)	0.042 (0.033)

^aNot at all satisfied = 1, Not satisfied = 2, Satisfied = 3, Totally satisfied = 4
^bNever = 1, Rarely = 2, Sometimes = 3, Always = 4; B-School = between-school; B-Country = between-country;
^cStrongly disagree = 1, Disagree = 2, Agree = 3, Strongly agree = 4
^dNot at all satisfied = 0, Completely Satisfied = 10; N = 61,722, School N = 2,528 and Country N = 9 as schools with a lack of within-school variation were necessarily removed from the analysis; totals in final row pertain to all variables

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