Table 2 The Relationship Between Hunger and Achievement (Fixed effects)

Australia

544.99*

(4.50)

− 11.68*

(1.29)

548.39*

(3.57)

− 9.64*

(1.25)

6.90*

(0.84)

68.18*

(3.48)

0.08

(0.22)

− 1.08

(5.11)

549.32*

(3.59)

− 10.10*

(1.24)

6.93*

(0.84)

68.36*

(3.48)

0.07

(0.21)

− 1.20

(5.10)

Bahrain

509.01*

(5.26)

− 12.14*

(1.93)

505.35*

(4.83)

− 11.17*

(1.90)

5.31*

(1.40)

22.61*

(3.95)

− 0.41

(0.30)

0.82

(3.14)

505.33*

(4.82)

− 11.16*

(1.88)

5.30*

(1.39)

22.65*

(3.95)

− 0.40

(0.29)

0.80

(3.14)

Chile

476.46*

(6.72)

− 9.58*

(1.65)

472.65*

(5.00)

− 8.76*

(1.70)

7.31*

(1.11)

52.67*

(2.84)

0.15

(0.20)

11.70

(7.06)

473.08*

(5.0)

− 8.93*

(1.69)

7.33*

(1.10)

52.63*

(2.86)

0.15

(0.19)

11.10

(7.03)

Chinese Taipei

590.21*

(10.39)

3.57

(3.95)

607.70*

(8.28)

0.73

(3.21)

16.78*

(1.18)

47.97*

(4.02)

0.61

(0.47)

− 5.86

(6.49)

607.70*

(8.28)

0.73

(3.20)

16.78*

(1.18)

47.98*

(4.02)

0.61

(0.47)

− 5.87

(6.09)

Cyprus

533.60*

(5.97)

− 14.12*

(2.65)

526.71*

(5.05)

− 10.65*

(2.53)

17.72*

(1.50)

52.14*

(3.77)

0.48

(0.35)

8.37

(4.45)

526.60*

(5.06)

− 10.60*

(2.51)

17.68*

(1.48)

52.22*

(3.78)

0.46

(0.33)

8.40

(4.38)

Egypt

432.66*

(7.46)

− 6.31*

(2.29)

434.71*

(7.60)

− 7.21*

(2.32)

5.88*

(0.87)

36.03*

(9.67)

0.37

(0.42)

2.08

(5.00)

434.05*

(7.20)

− 6.97*

(2.16)

5.91*

(0.87)

38.24*

(8.46)

0.34

(0.40)

1.58

(4.90)

England

553.13*

(9.82)

− 16.33*

(3.06)

543.41*

(6.63)

− 11.85*

(2.19)

8.72*

(1.44)

62.81*

(5.57)

-0.51

(0.55)

− 8.87

(7.70)

543.41*

(6.63)

− 11.85*

(2.18)

8.72*

(1.43)

62.81*

(5.56)

− 0.51

(0.54)

− 8.87

(7.70)

Finland

547.70*

(5.44)

− 18.94*

(2.23)

540.72

(12.77)

− 18.31*

(5.04)

13.41*

(4.30)

51.11*

(8.97)

0.87

(0.65)

0.14

(3.21)

541.7*

(4.60)

− 15.82*

(2.01)

14.12*

(1.47)

45.78*

(3.32)

0.33

(0.17)

4.92

(3.75)

France

515.66*

(5.28)

− 11.53*

(1.83)

506.56

(16.13)

− 6.97*

(6.53)

16.52*

(2.38)

50.89*

(5.43)

− 0.52

(0.58)

6.64

(3.18)

505.60*

(4.14)

− 7.48*

(1.55)

15.54*

(1.08)

42.44*

(2.82)

0.12

(0.17)

3.59

(2.68)

Georgia

477.55*

(6.20)

− 6.11*

(2.23)

477.38*

(5.47)

− 5.84*

(2.15)

11.73*

(1.36)

35.24*

(7.02)

− 0.55

(0.35)

7.76

(5.97)

477.31*

(5.46)

− 5.81*

(2.15)

11.73*

(1.36)

35.24*

(7.01)

− 0.57

(0.36)

8.04

(5.97)

Hong Kong SAR

597.83*

(8.75)

− 10.25*

(2.67)

598.82*

(7.26)

− 8.60*

(2.52)

2.68⁺

(1.43)

53.82*

(5.20)

0.07

(0.42)

− 2.93

(7.85)

598.67*

(7.21)

− 8.52*

(2.49)

2.68

(1.42)

53.84*

(5.20)

0.07

(0.42)

− 2.98

(7.83)

Hungary

545.17*

(5.20)

− 12.06*

(1.74)

548.10*

(3.72)

− 10.25*

(1.64)

16.86*

(1.03)

54.54*

(2.30)

0.46*

(0.21)

12.47*

(3.59)

547.72*

(3.73)

− 10.10*

(1.65)

16.86*

(1.03)

54.48*

(2.31)

0.47*

(0.20)

12.29*

(3.61)

Iran, Islamic rep. of

470.15*

(5.11)

− 11.38*

(1.84)

464.89*

(4.03)

− 9.08*

(1.80)

8.31*

(0.93)

44.66*

(3.07)

− 0.08

(0.30)

0.06

(3.83)

465.00*

(3.98)

− 9.14*

(1.77)

8.34*

(0.93)

44.65*

(3.07)

− 0.08

(0.30)

0.03

(3.82)

Ireland

555.76*

(4.74)

− 16.08*

(1.96)

548.02*

(3.71)

− 10.29*

(1.67)

16.25*

(0.94)

41.53*

(2.83)

0.19

(0.16)

− 0.20

(3.48)

548.02*

(3.71)

− 10.29*

(1.69)

16.25*

(0.94)

41.53*

(2.83)

0.19

(0.16)

− 0.20

(3.48)

Israel

547.32*

(9.04)

− 10.18*

(3.30)

543.09*

(7.48)

− 8.57*

(2.82)

11.68*

(1.38)

54.93*

(4.69)

1.49*

(0.42)

1.37

(5.15)

543.01*

(7.46)

− 8.55*

(2.81)

11.68*

(1.37)

54.91*

(4.69)

1.50*

(0.42)

1.41

(5.16)

Italy

530.20*

(5.16)

− 13.11*

(2.01)

522.57*

(4.45)

− 9.74*

(1.71)

12.87*

(0.90)

28.83*

(3.07)

− 0.07

(0.18)

− 3.30

(5.18)

522.57*

(4.45)

-9.74*

(1.71)

12.87*

(0.90)

28.83*

(3.07)

− 0.07

(0.18)

− 3.30

(5.18)

Japan

620.66*

(5.27)

− 14.71*

(2.26)

622.92*

(4.91)

− 14.31*

(2.12)

16.95*

(1.27)

63.22*

(10.29)

0.25

(0.19)

− 5.63

(4.02)

622.92*

(4.91)

− 14.31*

(2.12)

16.95*

(1.27)

63.22*

(10.29)

0.25

(0.19)

− 5.62

(4.02)

Jordan

443.62*

(5.24)

− 11.05*

(1.90)

441.28*

(4.81)

− 10.07*

(1.84)

6.04*

(0.95)

34.91*

(5.33)

0.47

(0.31)

1.50

(3.88)

441.86

(4.87)

− 10.34*

(1.86)

6.01*

(0.95)

34.88*

(5.32)

0.48

(0.31)

1.74

(3.85)

Kazakhstan

490.42*

(5.64)

0.15

(2.03)

489.20*

(5.22)

0.96

(1.94)

6.20*

(1.57)

39.80*

(5.07)

0.30

(0.27)

7.43

(7.34)

489.20*

(5.25)

0.97

(1.95)

6.20*

(1.57)

39.80*

(5.07)

0.30

(0.27)

7.44

(7.33)

Korea, Rep. of

624.49*

(7.75)

− 11.02*

(3.19)

623.04*

(7.34)

− 8.40*

(3.08)

20.17*

(1.12)

49.32*

(5.22)

-0.02

(0.24)

− 1.45

(4.73)

623.04*

(7.34)

− 8.40*

(3.08)

20.17*

(1.12)

49.32*

(5.22)

− 0.02

(0.24)

− 1.45

(4.73)

Kuwait

426.77*

(5.67)

− 10.81*

(2.33)

426.99*

(5.18)

− 10.69*

(2.40)

4.95*

(1.25)

47.51*

(12.58)

− 0.12

(0.55)

18.73

(12.25)

427.64*

(5.20)

− 11.02*

(2.34)

4.96*

(1.25)

47.36*

(12.49)

− 0.13

(0.55)

18.80

(12.13)

Lebanon

437.93*

(5.34)

− 4.96*

(1.73)

440.03*

(4.59)

− 5.33*

(1.72)

2.90*

(0.69)

35.27*

(3.50)

0.49

(0.25)

2.50

(2.15)

439.99*

(4.59)

− 5.32*

(1.72)

2.90*

(0.69)

35.28*

(3.47)

0.49*

(0.25)

2.46

(2.16)

Lithuania

522.70*

(5.39)

− 4.48*

(2.13)

518.48*

(4.07)

− 0.78

(2.00)

21.28*

(1.34)

56.06*

(3.79)

0.52*

(0.22)

9.34*

(3.91)

518.48*

(4.06)

− 0.78

(1.99)

21.28*

(1.33)

56.04*

(3.80)

0.52*

(0.22)

9.35*

(3.92)

Malaysia

489.77*

(6.68)

− 1.37

(1.66)

496.98*

(4.98)

− 3.43*

(1.62)

4.46*

(0.68)

73.19*

(3.09)

− 0.31

(0.37)

2.08

(6.43)

496.67*

(5.00)

− 3.31*

(1.63)

4.45*

(0.68)

78.14*

(3.09)

− 0.31

(0.37)

2.06

(6.45)

Morocco

401.75*

(5.79)

− 5.08*

(1.97)

400.10*

(5.06)

− 5.49*

(1.92)

2.97*

(0.75)

20.46*

(3.39)

0.37

(0.27)

4.51

(2.34)

400.11*

(5.04)

− 5.50*

(1.90)

2.97*

(0.75)

20.47*

(3.39)

0.37

(0.27)

4.53

(2.34)

New Zealand

519.00*

(5.73)

− 13.73*

(1.84)

519.22*

(4.34)

− 10.10*

(1.78)

10.70*

(0.93)

71.58*

(3.33)

0.11

(0.22)

8.20

(4.05)

519.11*

(4.32)

− 10.05*

(1.77)

10.70*

(0.93)

71.54*

(3.32)

0.15

(0.22)

8.21

(4.05)

Norway

538.43*

(6.00)

− 16.11*

(2.21)

533.01*

(4.61)

− 13.14*

(1.97)

17.76*

(1.26)

34.17*

(4.34)

− 0.28

(0.23)

2.33

(4.24)

533.01*

(4.60)

− 13.15*

(1.97)

17.77*

(1.26)

34.15*

(4.34)

− 0.28

(0.23)

2.33

(4.25)

Oman

446.30*

(6.72)

− 13.23*

(2.61)

446.50*

(5.77)

− 11.82*

(2.41)

13.15*

(1.04)

49.69*

(3.74)

− 0.63

(0.49)

20.92*

(5.58)

446.43*

(5.75)

− 11.78*

(2.39)

13.14*

(1.04)

49.65*

(3.74)

− 0.64

(0.49)

20.95*

(5.58)

Portugal

537.84*

(5.96)

− 17.49*

(2.48)

528.36*

(4.76)

− 13.18*

(2.19)

11.63*

(1.02)

34.87*

(2.63)

0.26

(0.30)

8.96*

(4.55)

528.36*

(4.76)

− 13.17*

(2.19)

11.63*

(1.03)

34.87*

(2.63)

0.26

(0.30)

8.96*

(4.56)

Qatar

494.05*

(6.69)

− 17.88*

(2.05)

485.58*

(5.72)

− 14.30*

(2.07)

11.29*

(1.13)

62.64*

(6.77)

− 0.44

(0.42)

18.55*

(6.83)

485.59*

(5.71)

− 14.30*

(2.07)

11.29*

(1.13)

62.65*

(6.77)

− 0.45

(0.42)

18.56*

(6.83)

Romania

525.05*

(7.55)

− 14.35*

(2.62)

519.41*

(6.55)

− 11.15*

(2.50)

16.90*

(1.31)

49.60*

(3.22)

0.23

(0.28)

0.53

(4.21)

519.35*

(6.52)

− 11.13*

(2.49)

16.88*

(1.31)

49.64*

(3.23)

0.24

(0.28)

0.56

(4.22)

Russian Federation

545.00*

(5.44)

− 0.65

(2.00)

550.12*

(4.87)

− 1.52

(1.99)

8.82*

(1.23)

42.65*

(5.94)

− 0.25

(0.23)

5.36

(6.10)

550.19*

(4.86)

− 1.56

(1.99)

8.82*

(1.23)

42.58*

(5.95)

− 0.25

(0.23)

5.44

(6.10)

Saudi Arabia

418.51*

(5.19)

− 6.11*

(1.80)

417.23*

(4.64)

− 5.65*

(1.75)

7.06*

(1.31)

51.37*

(4.87)

0.28

(0.44)

16.59

(19.81)

417.19*

(4.64)

− 5.65*

(1.76)

7.06*

(1.31)

51.31*

(4.87)

0.28

(0.44)

16.33

(19.66)

Singapore

634.36*

(5.39)

− 9.86*

(1.24)

629.94*

(3.81)

− 8.90*

(1.25)

0.79

(0.67)

82.90*

(3.64)

− 0.43

(0.33)

− 6.82

(5.08)

630.01*

(3.82)

− 8.92*

(1.25)

0.79

(0.67)

82.89*

(3.64)

− 0.43

(0.33)

− 6.81

(5.08)

South Africa

423.29*

(3.87)

− 7.58*

(0.99)

415.35*

(2.85)

− 5.65*

(0.91)

0.56

(0.46)

55.27*

(2.24)

0.08

(0.18)

6.63*

(3.27)

415.82*

(2.77)

− 5.86*

(0.94)

0.56

(0.46)

55.28*

(2.23)

0.086

(0.18)

6.66*

(3.26)

Sweden

536.61*

(6.11)

− 14.06*

(2.38)

527.07*

(4.24)

− 8.87*

(1.92)

18.23*

(1.06)

46.54*

(3.20)

0.16

(0.19)

0.92

(1.68)

527.06*

(4.24)

− 8.87*

(1.92)

18.23*

(1.06)

46.54*

(3.20)

0.16

(0.20)

0.92

(1.68)

Turkey

470.39*

(9.26)

8.04*

(3.21)

491.77*

(8.43)

1.22

(3.23)

14.21*

(1.71)

42.53*

(3.73)

− 0.58

(0.51)

15.90*

(6.83)

490.91*

8.61

1.14

(3.30)

14.69*

(1.74)

42.55*

(3.90)

− 0.63

(0.51)

15.94*

(6.83)

United Arab Emirates

494.99*

(3.63)

− 10.48*

(0.93)

490.70*

(3.02)

− 8.94*

(0.93)

5.46*

(0.53)

59.83*

(2.94)

− 1.40*

(0.25)

14.44*

(3.16)

490.68*

(3.03)

− 8.93*

(0.93)

5.46*

(0.53)

59.80*

(2.94)

− 1.39*

(0.25)

14.45*

(3.15)

United States

549.86*

(6.10)

− 15.87*

(2.02)

533.30*

(4.69)

− 8.01*

(1.85)

6.96*

(0.91)

61.49*

(2.76)

0.06

(0.31)

6.05

(5.0)

530.66*

(6.56)

− 8.72*

(2.78)

7.39*

(1.27)

54.78*

(4.17)

0.37

(0.40)

10.98*

(3.54)