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Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Fig. 1 | Large-scale Assessments in Education

Fig. 1

From: Exploring the relationship between process data and contextual variables among Scandinavian students on PISA 2012 mathematics tasks

Fig. 1

Adaptation of De Boeck & Scalise’s (2019) three-factor model for the analysis of three items in a test. While P1, P2, and P3 measure the response accuracy to the three items in binary outcomes (0 = incorrect and 1 = correct answer), T1, T2, and T3 refer to response times, and A1, A2, and A3 refer to the frequency of actions for each item, respectively. The single-headed dashed arrows indicate the direct effect. The curves between the observed variables or latent variables indicate the correlations

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