An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 3 Mixed Effects Model for Students’ Mathematics Ability
Levels and variables | 2009 Coefficient(t) | 2012 Coefficient(t) | 2015 Coefficient(t) | 2018 Coefficient(t) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effects | ||||
Intercepts | 443.11***(61.53) | 450.93***(69.32) | 452.83***(75.42) | 437.41***(63.08) |
Country Level | ||||
GDP Per Capita [country mean] | 1.06 ns(1.22) | 13.21**(2.52) | 8.15 ns(1.62) | 0.13 ns(0.24) |
School Level | ||||
Economic, social, and cultural status (school mean) [CMC] | 74.61***(79.42) | 73.47***(86.49) | 63.67***(79.48) | 69.63***(88.08) |
School type (public) [dummy] | 7.93***(5.58) | 10.88***(8.32) | 10.69***(8.92) | 13.71***(11.30) |
Creative extra-curricular activities [GMC] | 5.47***(10.23) | 4.53***(9.94) | 3.22***(7.09) | 4.30***(10.24) |
Shortage of educational staff [CMC] | − 0.92 ns(− 1.61) | − 2.81***(− 5.77) | − 0.68 ns(− 1.47) | − 0.48 ns(− 1.05) |
Quality of educational resources [CMC] | 1.62**(3.05) | 0.15 ns(0.30) | – | – |
Shortage of educational material [CMC] | – | – | − 0.10 ns(− 0.24) | − 1.10*(− 2.40) |
Number of available computers per student [GMC] | − 0.45 ns(− 0.92) | − 0.53*(− 1.56) | − 0.69 ns(− 1.10) | − 0.48 ns(− 0.99) |
Proportion of available computers connected to Net [GMC] | 3.85**(2.58) | − 1.22*(− 0.76) | − 2.60 ns(− 1.80) | 2.96*(2.25) |
Student Level | ||||
Economic, social, and cultural status [SMC] | 17.13***(93.01) | 18.24***(95.34) | 17.94***(83.50) | 16.65***(80.92) |
Gender [dummy] | 17.67***(57.31) | 17.92***(58.29) | 13.17***(37.45) | 13.04***(38.90) |
ICT outside school | ||||
ICT available at home [GMC] | − 0.50**(− 2.64) | − 7.81***(− 43.86) | − 2.33***(− 24.59) | − 6.39***(− 33.68) |
ICT use outside of school (leisure) [GMC] | − 2.43***(− 13.69) | 0.35***(2.10) | − 1.74***(− 8.49) | 1.93 ns(11.18) |
ICT use outside of school (for schoolwork activities) [GMC] | − 5.06***(− 28.51) | 0.40**(2.13) | − 3.22***(− 15.02) | − 4.21***(− 21.17) |
ICT as a topic in social interaction [GMC] | – | – | − 5.91***(− 27.78) | − 5.99***(− 29.43) |
Subject-related ICT use outside of lessons [GMC] | – | – | – | 1.62***(9.38) |
ICT Inside School | ||||
ICT available at school [SMC] | 0.98***(5.73) | − 1.90***(− 10.95) | − 2.94***(− 15.63) | − 2.66***(14.83) |
Use of ICT at school in general [SMC] | − 8.68***(− 48.12) | − 8.31***(− 45.75) | − 6.71***(− 32.32) | − 7.86***(− 40.85) |
Subject-related ICT use during lessons [SMC] | – | – | – | − 1.10***(− 5.67) |
Attitude toward ICT | ||||
Self-confidence in ICT high-level tasks [GMC] | 5.94***(38.78) | – | – | – |
Attitude toward computers (ATC) [GMC] | 5.35***(34.95) | – | – | – |
ATC: Limitations of comp. as tool for school Learning [GMC] | – | − 10.30***(−67.68) | – | – |
ATC: Computer as tool for school learning [GMC] | – | 2.07***(13.08) | – | – |
Interest in ICT [GMC] | – | – | 2.82***(14.04) | 3.65***(19.25) |
Perceived ICT competence [GMC] | – | – | 2.30**(9.78) | 2.63**(11.79) |
Perceived autonomy related to ICT use [GMC] | – | – | 9.43***(41.36) | 8.93***(41.03) |
Random effects | ||||
Country-level effects % variance reduced | (2015–1896)/2015 = 5.9% | (1861–1559)/1861 = 16.2% | (2007–1309)/2007 = 34.8% | (2046–2026)/2046 = 1.0% |
School-level effects % variance reduced | (2880–1421)/2880 = 50.7% | (2900–1296)/2900 = 55.3% | (2112–940)/2112 = 57.5% | (2172–849)/2172 = 60.9% |
Student-level effects % variance reduced | (4525–4168)/4525 = 7.9% | (4503–4126)/4503 = 8.4% | (5870–5413)/5870 = 7.8% | (6047–5573)/6047 = 7.8% |