Table 1 Estimated linear trends for novice and out-of-subject teacher sorting by education system (1999–2019)

Australia

1

(.01)

1

(.01)

32,814

6

Bahrain

1.02⁺

(.01)

.99

(.03)

15,823

5

Armenia

1.04

(.03)

1.09

(.10)

14,073

4

Botswana

.98

(.01)

.99

(.01)

13,816

4

Chile

1.04^**

(.01)

1.03^*

(.02)

17,708

5

C. Taipei

.99

(.01)

1.02⁺

(.01)

18,986

6

Hong Kong

.98^*

(.01)

.99

(.01)

16,695

6

Hungary

1

(.04)

.96

(.04)

16,942

6

Indonesia

1.04⁺

(.02)

1

(.03)

13,237

4

Iran

1

(.01)

.99

(.01)

21,479

6

Israel

.99

(.01)

1.02

(.01)

17,930

6

Italy

1.01

(.01)

1

(.01)

16,016

6

Japan

.99

(.01)

1

(.01)

21,327

6

Jordan

.99

(.01)

.99

(.02)

24,944

6

S. Korea

1.02⁺

(.01)

1.01

(.02)

20,489

6

Lithuania

.99

(.02)

1

(.03)

14,900

6

Malaysia

1

(.01)

.99

(.01)

24,373

6

Morocco

1.04^***

(.01)

1

(.02)

27,275

5

New Zealand

.99

(.01)

1.02^**

(.01)

18.046

5

Norway

1

(.01)

1

(.01)

15,315

5

Romania

.95^*

(.02)

.96

(.04)

14,378

5

Russia

1.03

(.03)

1.04

(.05)

16,886

6

Singapore

1.02^***

(.01)

1.01

(.01)

21,076

6

Slovenia

.96^***

(.01)

.99

(.02)

12,923

5

Sweden

1.02⁺

(.01)

1

(.01)

16,061

5

Thailand

.94^***

(.01)

.98^*

(.01)

15,337

4

Tunisia

1

(.01)

.99

(.04)

12,231

4

Turkey

1

(.01)

.98

(.02)

18,418

5

USA

.98^***

(.01)

1.01⁺

(.01)

36,834

6

England

1

(.01)

1

(.01)

14,846

6

Ontario

.99

(.01)

.99

(.01)

13,509

5

Quebec

.96^***

(.01)

1

(.02)

14,359

5