| |
Migrants speak different language home & school
|
Migrants speak same language home & school
|
Female
|
Economic, social, and cultural status of family
|
Academic achievement: science
|
Vocational program
|
(Constant)
|
R Squared
| |
|---|
|
Coeff
|
SE
|
Coeff
|
SE
|
Coeff
|
SE
|
Coeff
|
SE
|
Coeff
|
SE
|
Coeff
|
SE
|
N
|
|---|
|
Australia
|
9.9
|
0.7
|
5.4
|
0.6
|
7.1
|
0.4
|
3.8
|
0.3
|
6.5
|
0.20
|
− 4.2
|
0.7
|
24.7
|
0.22
|
14530
|
|
Austria
|
10.0
|
1.0
|
7.6
|
1.5
|
5.2
|
0.7
|
3.8
|
0.4
|
6.7
|
0.43
|
− 11.6
|
0.8
|
30.1
|
0.27
|
7007
|
|
Belgium
|
9.5
|
1.2
|
6.3
|
1.2
|
6.8
|
0.8
|
2.2
|
0.4
|
7.8
|
0.52
|
− 14.2
|
1.5
|
22.9
|
0.37
|
3976
|
|
Canada
|
9.7
|
0.5
|
7.9
|
0.5
|
8.3
|
0.4
|
4.1
|
0.2
|
5.3
|
0.22
|
na
| |
30.7
|
0.22
|
20043
|
|
Switzerland
|
9.5
|
1.0
|
6.3
|
0.9
|
6.2
|
0.7
|
5.4
|
0.4
|
8.4
|
0.48
|
− 5.6
|
1.8
|
10.2
|
0.25
|
5860
|
|
Germany
|
11.3
|
1.0
|
10.3
|
1.8
|
5.2
|
0.6
|
5.6
|
0.4
|
7.6
|
0.33
|
− 7.8
|
2.0
|
13.5
|
0.25
|
6504
|
|
Denmark
|
13.8
|
1.6
|
15.0
|
1.2
|
7.4
|
1.0
|
5.0
|
0.5
|
6.9
|
0.34
|
na
| |
22.1
|
0.20
|
7161
|
|
Spain
|
5.9
|
1.1
|
6.7
|
1.1
|
8.0
|
0.5
|
3.0
|
0.2
|
7.0
|
0.36
|
− 9.8
|
3.1
|
29.0
|
0.22
|
6736
|
|
France
|
11.4
|
1.1
|
11.5
|
0.9
|
4.8
|
0.6
|
4.5
|
0.4
|
7.8
|
0.34
|
− 11.6
|
0.9
|
20.0
|
0.35
|
6108
|
|
Great Britain
|
7.1
|
1.2
|
8.0
|
1.0
|
4.4
|
0.5
|
2.8
|
0.3
|
5.7
|
0.23
|
− 2.1
|
1.5
|
33.4
|
0.17
|
14157
|
|
Greece
|
− 3.1
|
1.8
|
1.1
|
1.2
|
7.6
|
0.6
|
2.6
|
0.3
|
5.7
|
0.36
|
− 8.2
|
0.8
|
38.2
|
0.25
|
5532
|
|
Ireland
|
7.5
|
0.9
|
5.1
|
1.0
|
5.1
|
0.6
|
2.9
|
0.3
|
6.8
|
0.36
|
− 13.0
|
3.4
|
28.0
|
0.18
|
5741
|
|
Israel
|
− 1.6
|
1.1
|
0.3
|
0.9
|
5.5
|
0.6
|
0.6
|
0.3
|
2.6
|
0.28
|
na
| |
55.0
|
0.06
|
6598
|
|
Luxembourg
|
4.3
|
0.7
|
2.1
|
0.9
|
4.1
|
0.5
|
3.2
|
0.4
|
9.1
|
0.36
|
− 4.9
|
0.7
|
14.4
|
0.28
|
5299
|
|
Netherlands
|
14.1
|
1.5
|
13.6
|
1.5
|
2.1
|
0.7
|
3.8
|
0.4
|
5.5
|
0.44
|
− 9.9
|
0.8
|
30.5
|
0.25
|
5385
|
|
Norway
|
14.2
|
1.2
|
9.0
|
1.2
|
8.9
|
0.5
|
6.1
|
0.6
|
6.4
|
0.37
|
na
| |
22.7
|
0.22
|
5456
|
|
New Zealand
|
9.4
|
0.8
|
6.5
|
0.9
|
7.4
|
0.6
|
3.3
|
0.4
|
5.7
|
0.35
|
na
| |
28.5
|
0.21
|
4520
|
|
Sweden
|
15.8
|
1.0
|
13.7
|
1.4
|
8.3
|
0.6
|
5.0
|
0.4
|
6.5
|
0.26
|
na
| |
20.5
|
0.23
|
5458
|
|
United States
|
6.3
|
0.7
|
4.8
|
0.9
|
7.2
|
0.6
|
2.4
|
0.3
|
3.9
|
0.32
|
na
| |
43.2
|
0.12
|
5712
|
- Non-immigrants are the reference category. Data from PISA 2015
- Coefficients in bold are significantly different from zero at p = 0.05, Coeff denotes unstandardized coefficient, SE denotes standard error
- na—In some countries PISA participants are already sorted into general and vocational streams or programs which affects their occupational expectations, so the optimal strategy is to control for this in countries where students are already differentiated into such streams or programs. Results from models that do not control for vocational education are in Additional file 1: Appendix S3. In this instance, the results are comparable
