Table 3 Random effects estimates in hierarchical model

ITLANG

51.95***

49.20***

48.12***

40.42***

(4.63)

(4.36)

(4.31)

(4.02)

Changed learning paradigm

 OPDISC

6.88***

6.83***

9.79***

(1.30)

(1.30)

(2.31)

Trust in classical media (Completely = ref)

 TRUST_C (Quite a lot)

13.48**

12.56**

(5.71)

(5.37)

 TRUST_C (A little)

13.24**

11.52**

(5.87)

(5.52)

 TRUST_C (Not at all)

5.60

0.32

(7.41)

(6.98)

Trust in social media (Completely = ref)

 TRUST_SM (Quite a lot)

12.83**

10.26*

(5.79)

(5.45)

 TRUST_C (A little)

19.18***

16.38***

(5.70)

(5.36)

 TRUST_C (Not at all)

21.35***

16.28***

(6.62)

(6.24)

Influence of the religion in the society

 RELINF

− 23.33***

− 23.25***

(1.21)

(1.21)

Interaction ITLANG and OPDISC

 Interaction1

− 3.51

(2.68)

Controls

 Student characteristics

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

 Student involvement

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

 Observations

2,857

2,857

2,857

2,857