An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 1 Descriptive statistics with imputed and standardised data
Statistic | Mean | St. Dev | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: Civic knowledge score | ||||||
549.56 | 77.76 | 292.43 | 781.25 | − 0.17 | − 0.21 | |
School level variable (language at school = Estonian) | ||||||
ITLANG (Estonian = 1) | 0.75 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 1.00 | − 1.14 | − 0.69 |
Student background characteristics | ||||||
Gender* | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 | ||
HISEI | 0.00 | 1.00 | − 1.99 | 2.88 | 0.36 | − 0.43 |
HISCED* | 1.00 | 5.00 | ||||
HOMLIT* (books at home) | 1.00 | 5.00 | ||||
IMMIG* | 1.00 | 3.00 | ||||
TLANG* (test = home) | 0.95 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 1.00 | ||
Student involvement | ||||||
SINT* (interest in social issues) | 1.00 | 4.00 | ||||
SCHPART (participation in school) | 0.00 | 1.00 | − 1.82 | 3.18 | 0.17 | 0.34 |
Changed learning paradigm | ||||||
OPDISC (openness to class discussion) | 0.00 | 1.00 | − 3.81 | 3.33 | − 0.05 | 1.97 |
Trust in media | ||||||
TRUST_C* (IS3G26G) (TV, radio, newspapers) | 1.00 | 4.00 | ||||
TRUST_SM* (IS3G26H) (twitter, blogs, YouTube) | 1.00 | 4.00 | ||||
Influence of religion in the society | ||||||
RELINF | 0.00 | 1.00 | − 1.69 | 3.28 | − 0.19 | − 0.42 |