Table 4 Meta regression coefficients for mathematics literacy, science literacy and reading

Intercept

4.842* (0.694/8.990)

− 1.264 (− 5.135/2.606)

1.278 (− 4.146/6.701)

Test: TIMSS

− 0.047*** (− 0.061/− 0.033)

− 0.004 (− 0.025/0.017)

–

Test: TIMSS ADVANCED

0.011 (− 0.066/0.043)

–

–

Test: PIRLS

–

–

− 0.045*** (− 0.068/− 0.022)

Year

0.002* (− 0.0040/− 0.0003)

0.001 (− 0.001/0.002)

− 0.001 (− 0.003/0.002)

Grade

–

0.004 (− 0.0002/0.0080)

–

GGGI economic participation

− 0.166** (− 0.244/− 0.088)

− 0.197*** (− 0.270/− 0.125)

− 0.142** (− 0.247/− 0.036)

GGGI educational attainment

0.313** (0.070/0.556)

0.344*** (0.159/0.528)

− 0.131 (− 0.557/0.294)

GGGI health

− 0.396 (− 1.03/0.236)

− 0.118 (− 0.690/0.454)

− 0.050 (− 0.813/0.712)

GGGI political empowerment

− 0.063 (− 0.126/0.001)

− 0.024 (− 0.081/0.033)

− 0.077* (− 0.148/− 0.005)

HDI expected years of schooling

0.004 (− 0.002/0.010)

0.004 (− 0.001/0.010)

0.004 (− 0.003/0.011)

HDI mean years of schooling

0.003 (− 0.002/0.008)

− 0.002 (− 0.006/0.002)

− 0.001 (− 0.007/0.005)

HDI life expectancy

0.001 (− 0.001/0.004)

0.001 (− 0.001/0.003)

0.002 (− 0.0004/0.0048)

HDI GNI

6.32E−07** (2.62E−07/1E−06)

8.78E−06*** (5.4E−06/1.22E−5)

1.32E−06 (3.6E−06/6.2E−06)

Hedges g

− 0.235** (− 0.289/− 0.181)

− 0.279*** (− 0.328/− 0.231)

− 0.345*** (− 0.403/− 0.287)

Country mean score

0.0001 (− 0.0001/0.0002)

0.0003*** (0.0001/0.0004)

0.0004*** (0.0002/0.0005)

OECD membership

− 0.022 (− 0.0438/0.0002)

− 0.015 (− 0.035/0.005)

− 0.013 (− 0.041/0.014)

Model R²

0.31

0.46

0.54

k

636

636

404