Table 2 Summary of questionnaire items

Student questionnaire

 Gender of student (ITSEX)

  Girl = 1, Boy = 2

 Intrinsic reading motivation (ASBR07_BCEF)

  I like talking about what I read with other people (reverse coded)

  I would be happy if someone gave me a book as a present (reverse coded)

  I would like to have more time for reading (reverse coded)

  I enjoy reading (reverse coded)

 Student self-efficacy in reading (ASBR08_CEG)

  Reading is harder for me than for many of my classmates

  I have trouble reading stories with difficult words

  Reading is harder for me than any other subject

 Extrinsic reading motivation (ASBR09_ABCDEF)

  I like to read things that make me think (reverse coded)

  It is important to be a good reader (reverse coded)

  My parents like it when I read (reverse coded)

  I learn a lot from reading (reverse coded)

  I need to read well for my future (reverse coded)

  I like it when a book helps me imagine other worlds (reverse coded)

Home questionnaire

 Literacy level when starting school (ASBH06_ABCDE)

  Recognize most of the letters of the alphabet (reverse coded)

  Read some words (reverse coded)

  Read sentences (reverse coded)

  Write letters of the alphabet (reverse coded)

  Write some words (reverse coded)

 Parent involvement in learning (ASBH09_ABCDEFGH)

  Discuss my child’s schoolwork with him/her (reverse coded)

  Help my child with his/her schoolwork (reverse coded)

  Make sure my child sets aside time to do his/her homework (reverse coded)

  Ask my child what he/she learned in school (reverse coded)

  Check if my child has done his/her homework (reverse coded)

  Help my child practice his/her reading (reverse coded)

  Help my child practice his/her math skills (reverse coded)

  Talk with my child about what he/she is reading (reverse coded)

 Weekly time parent spent on reading at home (ASBH11)

  Less than 1 h = 1, 1–5 h = 2, 6–10 h = 3, more than 10 h = 4

 Number of books at home (ASBH14)

  0–10 = 1, 11–25 = 2, 26–100 = 3, 101–200 = 4, more than 200 = 5

 Parent expectation of child’s education (ASBH18)

  Some secondary school = 1, secondary school = 2, training certificate = 3, college diploma = 4, bachelor’s degree = 5, beyond bachelor’s degree = 6