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Table 4 Explanation of test-taking disengagement in problem solving (N = 10,367)
| Predictor | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | |
| Intercept | − 6.30*** | (0.61) | − 6.66*** | (0.60) | − 6.29*** | (0.48) | − 6.63*** | (0.50) |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||
| High school | − 1.06*** | (0.14) | − 1.07*** | (0.14) | ||||
| Above high school | − 2.16*** | (0.15) | − 2.16*** | (0.15) | ||||
| Language (test language not same as native language) | 0.97*** | (0.12) | 0.96*** | (0.12) | ||||
| Score cognitive pre-test | − 1.26*** | (0.06) | − 1.19*** | (0.06) | ||||
| Gender (female) | − 0.05 | (0.09) | − 0.05 | (0.09) | ||||
| Age group | ||||||||
| 25–34 | 1.30*** | (0.15) | 1.30*** | (0.15) | ||||
| 35–54 | 1.55*** | (0.13) | 1.55*** | (0.13) | ||||
| 55 or more | 2.25*** | (0.15) | 2.24*** | (0.15) | ||||
| Item difficulty | 4.51*** | (0.96) | 4.54*** | (1.24) | ||||
| Item difficulty × score cognitive pre-test | − 0.40*** | (0.08) | ||||||
| \(Var\left( {b_{0p} } \right)\) | 10.88 | 11.02 | 10.89 | 11.04 | ||||
| \(Var\left( {b_{0i} } \right)\) | 4.80 | 5.06 | 3.08 | 3.24 | ||||
