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Table 2 Explanation of test-taking disengagement in literacy (N = 14,039)
| Predictor | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | |
| Intercept | − 14.82*** | (0.15) | − 14.03*** | (0.26) | − 14.90*** | (0.17) | − 14.11*** | (0.27) |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||
| High school | − 0.70** | (0.21) | − 0.77*** | (0.22) | ||||
| Above high school | − 1.35*** | (0.23) | − 1.48*** | (0.23) | ||||
| Language (test language not same as native language) | 0.73*** | (0.18) | 0.83*** | (0.18) | ||||
| Score cognitive pre-test | − 0.80*** | (0.09) | − 0.86*** | 0.09) | ||||
| Gender (female) | − 0.01 | (0.14) | 0.02 | (0.14) | ||||
| Age group | ||||||||
| 25–34 | 0.29 | (0.24) | 0.34 | (0.24) | ||||
| 35–54 | 0.27 | (0.20) | 0.30 | (0.21) | ||||
| 55 or more | 0.22 | (0.24) | 0.24 | (0.24) | ||||
| Position (module 2) | 1.27*** | (0.14) | 1.43*** | (0.15) | ||||
| Item difficulty | 2.98*** | (0.20) | 3.00*** | (0.20) | ||||
| Item difficulty × score cognitive pre-test | − 0.07 | (0.05) | ||||||
| \(Var\left( {b_{0p} } \right)\) | 132.33 | 121.37 | 116.43 | 104.11 | ||||
| \(Var\left( {b_{0i} } \right)\) | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.31 | ||||
