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An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 2 LS and QR estimates of the effects of covariate on reading comprehension in primary school—second grade

From: Beyond the mean estimate: a quantile regression analysis of inequalities in educational outcomes using INVALSI survey data

 

LS

Reading comprehension—L2

QR

\(\theta = 0.1\)

\(\theta = 0.25\)

\(\theta = 0.5\)

\(\theta = 0.75\)

\(\theta = 0.9\)

p value equiv.test

(Intercept)

170.03

127.15

142.24

167.13

193.70

212.61

 
 

(2.08)

(4.00)

(3.41)

(2.78)

(3.10)

(4.08)

 

Female

3.73

4.73

3.40

3.23

3.72

8.52

< 0.01

 

(0.64)

(1.29)

(0.91)

(1.39)

(1.72)

(2.47)

 

Early enrolment

−5.20

−2.99

−3.20

−6.12

−6.44

−12.92

0.36

 

(2.73)

(5.31)

(2.97 )

(3.67)

(2.50)

(4.46)

 

Late enrolment

−15.52

−26.60

−21.53

−15.24

−14.00

−9.92

< 0.01

 

(2.53)

(3.73)

(3.44)

(3.66)

(3.54)

(4.24)

 

Kindergarten:yes

4.02

3.11

3.70

3.71

6.20

8.44

0.13

 

(1.61)

(3.20)

(2.80)

(2.12)

(2.33)

(3.38)

 

Immigrant

−13.96

−9.47

−14.46

−14.69

−14.89

−18.44

< 0.01

 

(1.14)

(1.94)

(1.53)

(1.87)

(1.70)

(1.66)

 

Centre-Italy

1.02

0.01

−0.01

0.46

1.50

1.56

0.34

 

(0.91)

(1.41)

(1.22)

(1.41)

(1.76)

(2.05)

 

South-Italy

−3.24

−4.73

−3.70

−4.39

−3.90

−0.01

< 0.01

 

(0.73)

(1.36)

(1.11)

(1.36)

(2.00)

(1.25)

 

Pared

1.96

1.56

2.16

2.20

2.07

2.00

< 0.01

 

(0.07)

(0.13)

(0.11)

(0.08)

(0.13)

(0.21)

 
  1. In italics estimates with p < 0.05. Standard errors in parenthesis computed with non-clustered bootstrap estimation. In the last column the p value of the equivalence test (equiv.test) results