An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 5 Regression results for Model 3—additionally adjusting for occupational group, reading at home, and participation in training activities in the last 12 months.
AT | CA | CZ | DK | EN/NIa | EE | FI | BE | FR | DE | IR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISCED below 2 (Ref: ISCED 2) | −9.7 | −13.4 | −51.6 | −30.3 | −20.3 | −30.0 | −9.2 | −14.9 | −21.2 | −21.8 | −18.2 |
ISCED 3 4 voc. | 6.4 | 27.2 | 13.8 | 9.7 | 4.4 | 15.2 | 2.1 | −0.3 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 18.7 |
ISCED 3 4 non-voc. | 22.2 | 24.7 | 29.2 | 19.0 | 15.7 | 17.1 | 25.4 | 23.4 | 26.7 | 34.4 | 21.2 |
ISCED 5B | 17.0 | 32.4 | 26.8 | 22.4 | 11.3 | 18.6 | 19.2 | 0.0 | 31.2 | 21.1 | 26.2 |
ISCED 5A BA | 23.4 | 46.7 | 30.8 | 24.9 | 23.2 | 34.5 | 28.8 | 25.2 | 35.3 | 29.9 | 40.1 |
ISCED 5A MA 6 | 28.3 | 52.5 | 36.8 | 34.2 | 0.0 | 33.0 | 36.6 | 44.3 | 43.7 | 36.0 | 43.4 |
Age 31–35 (Ref: age 26–30) | −3.4 | −1.7 | 0.7 | −6.7 | 0.3 | −4.7 | 0.5 | −1.5 | −0.2 | −4.3 | 0.8 |
Age 36–40 | −2.7 | −3.2 | −6.0 | −2.8 | 0.4 | −7.2 | −2.7 | −7.2 | −5.0 | −2.1 | 1.7 |
Age 41–45 | −7.3 | −5.3 | −10.4 | −8.8 | −1.7 | −10.4 | −10.8 | −7.9 | −10.5 | −4.2 | −0.6 |
Age 46–50 | −13.2 | −8.4 | −11.2 | −14.3 | −5.3 | −12.7 | −13.5 | −11.1 | −13.1 | −12.6 | −7.0 |
Age 51–55 | −14.6 | −10.7 | −17.7 | −18.7 | −2.9 | −13.4 | −20.8 | −16.4 | −14.0 | −17.0 | −2.1 |
Age 56–60 | −19.3 | −8.9 | −12.4 | −23.4 | −4.0 | −14.2 | −28.7 | −21.6 | −15.2 | −16.5 | −6.2 |
Age 61–65 | −22.0 | −7.1 | −12.0 | −26.2 | 0.6 | −9.4 | −31.5 | −19.2 | −11.9 | −21.4 | 0.2 |
Female | −1.8 | −4.1 | −0.9 | −2.6 | −2.3 | −2.1 | −1.2 | −4.0 | −1.5 | −1.9 | −5.1 |
Native-born/foreign language (Ref: native born/native language) | −15.9 | −1.4 | 17.4 | −11.1 | −19.9 | −1.5 | −24.8 | −11.2 | −12.9 | −5.9 | 15.2 |
Foreign-born/native language | −4.3 | −17.3 | −23.8 | 3.2 | −15.1 | −14.3 | −1.9 | −5.4 | −25.0 | −5.7 | −5.6 |
Foreign-born/foreign language | −23.0 | −31.4 | −1.9 | −45.2 | −35.6 | −11.6 | −64.8 | −53.2 | −40.1 | −26.1 | −33.7 |
One parent ISCED 3 or 4 (Ref: both parents ISCED 2 or below) | 0.0 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 7.0 | −2.4 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 4.5 | 2.9 |
Both parents ISCED 3 or 4 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 2.3 | −0.6 | 9.5 | −0.5 | 1.9 | 6.9 | 3.6 | 7.8 | 8.8 |
One parent ISCED 5 or 6 | 2.3 | 4.9 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 9.1 | −2.3 | 3.6 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 7.3 | 6.5 |
Both parents ISCED 5 or 6 | 0.7 | 5.9 | 1.7 | 7.3 | 16.1 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 8.9 | 6.5 | 7.8 | 8.0 |
Books in the home | 6.5 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 5.6 |
Formal training in last 12 months | 5.7 | 7.6 | 2.6 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 5.8 | 1.7 |
Reading at home | 3.1 | 5.7 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 4.8 | 4.6 |
Skilled occupations (Ref: not currently working) | 11.9 | 15.9 | 9.5 | 14.8 | 15.9 | 9.6 | 12.3 | 12.8 | 9.4 | 16.2 | 9.2 |
Semi-skilled white-collar occ. | 2.8 | 2.6 | 7.3 | 10.1 | 6.1 | 4.1 | 11.1 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 6.6 |
Semi-skilled blue-collar occ. | −0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 1.6 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 4.9 |
Elementary occupations | −4.8 | −5.5 | −9.9 | 0.0 | −6.0 | 2.9 | 1.0 | −5.3 | −3.7 | 4.2 | 0.5 |
Constant | 256.3 | 224.6 | 244.6 | 240.5 | 240.8 | 247.8 | 257.7 | 253.4 | 243.2 | 233.2 | 234.1 |
Adj. R2 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.37 |
IT | JP | KO | NL | NO | PL | SK | ES | SE | US | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISCED below 2 (Ref: ISCED 2) | −21.8 | 24.8 | −16.3 | −21.7 | −32.4 | −7.9 | −54.6 | −18.7 | −10.5 | −0.6 |
ISCED 3 4 voc. | 11.4 | 18.6 | 14.0 | 8.7 | 1.4 | 14.8 | 17.1 | 0.4 | 6.8 | 22.8 |
ISCED 3 4 non-voc. | 16.2 | 15.7 | 12.1 | 33.0 | 16.0 | 21.2 | 26.4 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 21.3 |
ISCED 5B | 0.0 | 23.9 | 19.7 | 19.2 | 16.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.7 | 23.4 | 33.5 |
ISCED 5A BA | 19.1 | 37.0 | 29.0 | 30.8 | 20.0 | 30.5 | 27.9 | 21.3 | 28.8 | 42.9 |
ISCED 5A MA 6 | 21.7 | 45.5 | 38.2 | 42.6 | 26.5 | 36.7 | 33.0 | 33.1 | 33.3 | 52.9 |
Age 31–35 (Ref: age 26–30) | −3.5 | 0.4 | −3.7 | −1.1 | −2.0 | −7.5 | −0.1 | 0.1 | −3.8 | −3.8 |
Age 36–40 | −2.0 | −0.3 | −4.9 | −2.7 | −3.5 | −4.9 | 3.6 | 1.5 | −4.7 | −2.0 |
Age 41–45 | −0.5 | −2.6 | −14.0 | −1.2 | −4.3 | −5.1 | −4.2 | −2.4 | −4.2 | −4.6 |
Age 46–50 | −1.6 | −7.5 | −16.7 | −10.9 | −7.5 | −4.1 | −1.8 | −3.1 | −8.2 | −8.3 |
Age 51–55 | −1.3 | −13.6 | −20.4 | −17.0 | −13.4 | −9.7 | −2.7 | −11.4 | −13.1 | −5.5 |
Age 56–60 | −6.3 | −18.9 | −17.5 | −22.3 | −21.8 | −7.9 | −1.5 | −17.6 | −17.3 | −10.0 |
Age 61–65 | −5.0 | −29.4 | −21.3 | −27.2 | −25.4 | −9.4 | 3.2 | −15.5 | −21.5 | −5.9 |
Female | 2.2 | 0.8 | −3.6 | −4.7 | −5.4 | 3.0 | 0.7 | −4.6 | −4.4 | −0.8 |
Native-born/foreign language (Ref: native born/native language) | −2.0 | 21.2 | −6.2 | −26.8 | −13.9 | −13.5 | −7.3 | −2.5 | −6.5 | −0.8 |
Foreign-born/native language | −12.7 | −78.9 | −26.8 | −27.4 | −4.4 | 0.0 | 0.2 | −21.0 | −16.5 | −7.6 |
Foreign-born/foreign language | −26.3 | −90.1 | −52.8 | −43.4 | −46.5 | 0.0 | 6.3 | −36.6 | −60.3 | −28.3 |
One parent ISCED 3 or 4 (Ref: both parents ISCED 2 or below) | 5.3 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 6.3 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 7.4 |
Both parents ISCED 3 or 4 | 1.9 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 7.2 | −2.1 | 4.8 | 17.8 |
One parent ISCED 5 or 6 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 1.9 | −0.3 | 1.7 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 17.0 |
Both parents ISCED 5 or 6 | −3.8 | 0.2 | 5.5 | 2.8 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 13.0 | 1.0 | 5.5 | 24.4 |
Books in the home at age 16 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 5.0 |
Formal training in last 12 months | 5.7 | 1.9 | 5.8 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 4.8 | 7.2 | 3.6 | −0.6 | 3.5 |
Reading at home | 3.7 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 3.8 |
Skilled occupations (Ref: not currently working) | 7.8 | 2.0 | 3.5 | 9.7 | 15.5 | 12.5 | 0.8 | 7.6 | 23.2 | 15.7 |
Semi-skilled white-collar occ. | 4.2 | −1.7 | −0.5 | 7.9 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 16.1 | 4.8 |
Semi-skilled blue-collar occ. | 0.5 | −1.8 | −1.4 | 0.9 | 3.5 | −0.1 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 10.5 | 3.2 |
Elementary occupations | −2.2 | −8.0 | −7.3 | −9.3 | −10.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 9.3 | −2.9 |
Constant | 238.2 | 274.0 | 257.6 | 260.9 | 252.8 | 233.5 | 241.8 | 240.8 | 249.9 | 215.3 |
Adj. R2 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.44 |