Is computer availability at home causally related to reading achievement in grade 4? A longitudinal difference in differences approach to IEA data from 1991 to 2006

Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 1 Descriptive information at the country level, sample sizes and summary information for the selected variables for the period 1991–2001

Country	Study	Sample	V1. Read Ach		V2. Computer at home	V3. Borrow Books		V4. Books at home		V5. Girls	V6. Cntry Lang
Country	Study	N	Mean	SD	%	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	%	%
Greece	RL 1991	3516	466	96	0	2.49	1.42	3.59	1.34	49	92
Greece	RL 2001	1109	507	91	37	2.70	1.37	3.94	1.27	48	91
Hungary	RL 1991	3009	459	93	0	2.85	1.39	4.45	1.30	49	95
Hungary	RL 2001	4707	475	97	52	2.71	1.25	4.22	1.40	50	97
Iceland	RL 1991	3961	486	104	0	3.10	1.20	4.94	1.14	48	96
Iceland	RL 2001	1797	513	94	69	3.24	1.15	4.71	1.15	51	91
Italy	RL 1991	2221	500	101	0	2.22	1.29	3.74	1.41	49	73
Italy	RL 2001	1590	513	92	53	2.28	1.31	3.59	1.38	49	68
New Zealand	RL 1991	3016	498	110	0	3.57	1.12	4.65	1.38	47	90
New Zealand	RL 2001	1188	502	111	70	3.52	1.13	4.54	1.34	49	87
Singapore	RL 1991	7326	481	88	0	3.52	1.22	3.91	1.44	48	27
Singapore	RL 2001	3601	489	106	70	3.39	1.30	4.17	1.43	48	42
Slovenia	RL 1991	3297	458	96	0	3.84	1.04	4.32	1.31	48	88
Slovenia	RL 2001	1502	493	91	58	3.81	1.01	4.10	1.33	48	88
Sweden	RL 1991	4301	513	116	0	3.48	0.97	5.09	1.13	49	89
Sweden	RL 2001	5361	498	115	75	3.00	1.03	4.87	1.19	49	86
USA	RL 1991	6433	521	90	0	3.50	1.13	4.52	1.39	50	95
USA	RL 2001	1826	511	94	71	3.42	1.19	4.20	1.39	50	86

V1. Overall reading achievement, V2. How often do you use computer at home? (proportion weekly or daily), V3. How often do you borrow books from a school or public library? [never (1), hardly ever (2), monthly (3), once a week (4), more often (5)], V4. About how many books are there in your home? [none (1), 1–10 (2), 11–50 (3), 51–100 (4), 101–200 (5)], V5. Are you a boy or a girl? [boy (0), girl (1)], V6. How often do you speak [language of test] at home? [always (1), not always (0)]
RL reading literacy