An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 1 Examples of IVs in studies connected with education (sorted by year in categories)
From: Introduction to instrumental variables and their application to large-scale assessment data
Study | Outcome variable(s) | Explanatory variable | Instrumental variable |
|---|---|---|---|
Institutional rules and personal characteristics | |||
Angrist and Krueger (1991) | Earnings | Education | Quarter of birth |
Angrist and Lavy (1999) | Achievement test scores | Class size | Discontinuities in class size |
Currie and Yelowitz (2000) | School quality, grade repetition (among others) | Public housing project participation | Sex composition in household |
Angrist and Lavy (2002) | Achievement test scores | Use of computers | Funded program |
Weber and Puhani (2006) | PIRLS scores among others | Age | Assigned relative age |
Bedard and Dhuey (2006) | TIMSS scores | Age | Assigned relative age |
Lee and Fish (2010) | TIMSS and NAEP scores | Age and grade | Assigned relative age and grade |
Hanushek et al. (2015) | Earnings | Cognitive skills: literacy, numeracy, problem solving | Minimal school-leaving age |
Deviations from cohort trends | |||
Hoxby (2000) | Achievement test scores | Class size | Cohort composition “surprise” |
Hoxby (2002) | Achievement test scores | Classroom composition | Cohort composition “surprise” |
Wößmann and West (2006) | TIMSS scores | Class size | School’s average class size controlling for fixed effects |
Proximity to relevant educational institutions | |||
Rouse (1995) | Educational attainment | Community colleges | Distance to school |
Neal (1997) | Achievement test scores | Catholic school | Distance to school |
Dee (2004) | Civic participation | College | Distance to college |