Table 2 Regression coefficients of instructional variables on schools' mean scores in mathematics

(a) Instructional practices that focus on developing computational skills

Practice four operations without using a calculator (ASAM)

-11.4* (13.4)*

-24.8**

-1.0 (23.8**)

Write equations and fractions (EFR)

-7.8* (3.6)

-11.4**

-14.3* (-2.9)

Memorize formulas and procedures (FRR)

-19.5*** (-1.9)

-17.6*

-8.9 (8.7)

Solve problems in geometry (GSA)

2.3 (7.1)

-4.8

-3.8 (1.0)

Interpret data in tables, charts and graphs (GCT)

14.6* (7.5)

7.1

11.4* (4.3)

Work on fractions and decimals (WFD)

22.2*** (30.0***)

-7.8

-3.0 (4.8)

(b) Traditional practices

Review homework (ROH)

-15.4* (-4.3)

-11.1*

-5.7* (5.3)

Listen to teacher lecture (LSP)

-10.8 (7.4)

-18.2*

-12.7* (5.5)

Begin homework in class (BHC)

27.4*** (-22.9***)

4.4

5.3 (0.9)

Have quizzes or tests (HQT)

18.7** (7.8)

10.9

4.8 (-6.1)

Use computers (COM)

41.5*** (18.3**)

23.1***

16.9*** (-6.3)

Use calculators (CAL)

4.6 (-5.9)

10.5*

-6.1 (-16.6*)

(c) Constructivist modes of instruction

Students work out problems on their own (WPO)

12.7** (44.5***)

-31.8***

-28.5*** (3.3)

Students explain their answers (EXP)

-26.1** (6.0)

-32.0***

-14.3** (17.8)

Students decide on their own about procedures for solving problems (SCP)

11.0* (14.7)

-3.6

-12.7* (-9.0)

Work together in small groups (WSG)

15.1** (-0.3)

15.4**

11.1*** (-4.3)

Relate what is learned to daily life (MDL)

9.2* (5.5)

3.7

1.9 (-1.8)