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Table 1 DIF quantifications of studied item when fitting the 2PL and LPE with different specified \(\xi\) levels, simulation illustration

From: Investigating item complexity as a source of cross-national DIF in TIMSS math and science

Positive asymmetry generating condition

Negative asymmetry generating condition

True \(\xi\)

Specified \(\xi\)

NCDIF

NCDIF*

True \(\xi\)

Specified \(\xi\)

NCDIF

NCDIF*

15

1 (2PL)

0.817

0.076

0.4

1 (2PL)

0.519

0.052

15

8

0.017

0.004

0.4

0.2

0.1551

0.029

15

15

0.007

0.0043

0.4

0.4

0.0142

0.004

15

20

0.005

0.0043

0.4

0.7

0.0261

0.023

  1. NCDIF* denotes a multiple-group generalization of the NCDIF index (Oshima et al., 2015)