An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Country | Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | Constant | 509.9 | 501.4 | 512.2 | ||||
E-communication | 40.8 | * | 38.0 | * | 29.1 | * | ||
Gender | 21.2 | * | 18.3 | * | ||||
SES | 28.2 | * | ||||||
Chile | Constant | 449.1 | 441.7 | 452.9 | ||||
E-communication | 54.4 | * | 51.8 | * | 38.3 | * | ||
Gender | 18.4 | * | 18.9 | * | ||||
SES | 31.6 | * | ||||||
Croatia | Constant | 478.5 | 472.9 | 483.4 | ||||
E-communication | 40.5 | * | 39.4 | * | 29.3 | * | ||
Gender | 13.2 | * | 14.0 | * | ||||
SES | 22.5 | * | ||||||
Czech Republic | Constant | 533.9 | 530.9 | 535.3 | ||||
E-communication | 23.1 | * | 21.2 | * | 18.0 | * | ||
Gender | 9.2 | * | 8.2 | * | ||||
SES | 19.6 | |||||||
Germanya | Constant | 497.7 | 492.1 | 502.0 | ||||
E-communication | 36.2 | * | 34.8 | * | 25.6 | * | ||
Gender | 13.9 | * | 15.0 | * | ||||
SES | 24.8 | * | ||||||
Republic of Korea | Constant | 519.2 | 504.4 | 507.2 | ||||
E-communication | 41.1 | * | 37.1 | * | 34.9 | * | ||
Gender | 33.6 | * | 33.6 | * | ||||
SES | 17.4 | * | ||||||
Lithuania | Constant | 443.1 | 439.4 | 460.1 | ||||
E-communication | 61.6 | * | 59.9 | * | 42.6 | * | ||
Gender | 10.7 | * | 8.9 | * | ||||
SES | 24.6 | * | ||||||
Norway (Grade 9) | Constant | 495.9 | 487.3 | 497.8 | ||||
E-communication | 46.8 | * | 44.5 | * | 34.8 | * | ||
Gender | 21.2 | * | 22.0 | * | ||||
SES | 19.4 | * | ||||||
Poland | Constant | 508.9 | 505.8 | 511.8 | ||||
E-communication | 32.5 | * | 30.6 | * | 25.1 | * | ||
Gender | 10.0 | * | 8.4 | * | ||||
SES | 28.0 | * | ||||||
Russian Federationb | Constant | 468.5 | 466.2 | 477.8 | ||||
E-communication | 57.0 | * | 55.5 | * | 44.4 | * | ||
Gender | 7.2 | * | 6.1 | * | ||||
SES | 20.2 | * | ||||||
Slovak Republic | Constant | 454.0 | 450.5 | 467.6 | ||||
E-communication | 74.6 | * | 73.5 | * | 59.2 | * | ||
Gender | 8.8 | * | 10.0 | * | ||||
SES | 29.3 | * | ||||||
Slovenia | Constant | 496.2 | 485.5 | 488.0 | ||||
E-Communication | 20.6 | * | 17.4 | * | 15.2 | * | ||
Gender | 26.8 | * | 27.8 | * | ||||
SES | 18.5 | * | ||||||
Thailandb | Constant | 342.7 | 340.9 | 350.3 | ||||
E-communication | 65.5 | * | 65.2 | * | 45.4 | * | ||
Gender | 3.9 | 7.2 | ||||||
SES | 34.5 | * | ||||||
Turkey | Constant | 331.6 | 329.6 | 344.2 | ||||
E-communication | 58.0 | * | 58.2 | * | 44.0 | * | ||
Gender | 3.9 | 3.7 | ||||||
SES | 27.2 | * | ||||||
Ontario, Canada | Constant | 523.5 | 515.4 | 524.8 | ||||
E-communication | 31.8 | * | 28.2 | * | 20.8 | * | ||
Gender | 22.6 | * | 21.2 | * | ||||
SES | 19.2 | * | ||||||
Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada | Constant | 501.9 | 490.4 | 496.3 | ||||
E-communication | 35.4 | * | 28.9 | * | 27.1 | * | ||
Gender | 30.4 | * | 27.8 | * | ||||
SES | 22.0 | * | ||||||
Countries not meeting sample requirements | ||||||||
Denmark | Constant | 525.9 | 520.3 | 528.1 | ||||
E-communication | 19.5 | * | 17.9 | * | 13.1 | |||
Gender | 14.7 | * | 13.9 | * | ||||
SES | 19.2 | * | ||||||
Hong Kong, SAR | Constant | 480.3 | 472.5 | 499.3 | ||||
E-communication | 50.9 | * | 48.9 | * | 34.6 | * | ||
Gender | 18.9 | * | 12.8 | * | ||||
SES | 11.1 | * | ||||||
Netherlands | Constant | 496.1 | 488.8 | Not includedc | ||||
E-communication | 49.5 | * | 48.0 | * | ||||
Gender | 17.7 | * | ||||||
SES | ||||||||
Switzerland | Constant | 511.9 | 508.7 | 508.1 | ||||
E-communication | 18.7 | * | 18.4 | * | 20.1 | * | ||
Gender | 7.1 | 8.8 | ||||||
SES | 17.0 | * | ||||||
City of Buenos Aires, Argentina | Constant | 416.8 | 416.8 | 427.9 | ||||
E-communication | 56.4 | * | 56.4 | * | 48.0 | * | ||
Gender | 0.1 | −0.2 | ||||||
SES | 37.2 | * | ||||||
Cross-national average | Constant | 475.5 | 469.6 | 478.8 | ||||
E-communication | 43.6 | * | 41.6 | * | 32.5 | * | ||
Gender | 14.9 | * | 14.3 | * | ||||
SES | 23.6 | * |