An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 1 Descriptive information of ESCS, achievement motives, perceived goal structures and outcome variables
|  | China B–S–J–Z (N = 11,700) | USA (N = 4170) |
|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
ESCS |  − .66 (1.07) | .15 (1.00) |
Competitiveness | .41 (.81) | .27 (1.01) |
Work mastery | .27 (.89) | .20 (.98) |
Fear of failure | .00 (.86) | .18 (1.08) |
Perception of competition in schools | .18 (.92) | .39 (.98) |
Perception of cooperation in schools | .18 (1.00) |  − .16 (.95) |
Reading performance | 556.79 (86.57) | 514.65 (103.65) |
Reading self-concept | .02 (.86) | .29 (.99) |