Skip to main content

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 5 The Relationship Between Hunger and Achievement: Random Effects, Model Summary, and Model Fit

From: Global pattern in hunger and educational opportunity: a multilevel analysis of child hunger and TIMSS mathematics achievement

Country

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model comparison

Random effects (variance)

ICC

R2

− 2LL

Random effects (variance)

ICC

R2

− 2LL

Random effects (variance)

ICC

R2

− 2LL

Model 1 and model 2

Model 2 and model 3

Intercept

Residual

Intercept

Residual

Intercept

Residual

Hunger

χ2

p

χ2

p

Australia

4661

3106

0.60

0.01

90897

2047

3004

0.41

0.34

90322

1860

2998

10

0.41

0.35

90320

575.01

 < 0.05

2.23

 > 0.05

Bahrain

888.6

8078

0.10

0.01

63270

669

8008

0.08

0.04

63179

894

8007

3

0.08

0.05

63178

90.77

 < 0.05

0.90

 > 0.05

Chile

2768

3253

0.46

0.01

40960

552

3185

0.15

0.36

40662

1021

3179

13

0.15

0.39

40656

298.43

 < 0.05

5.37

 > 0.05

Chinese Taipei

2153

7456

0.22

0.00

57259

757

6828

0.10

0.21

56673

1510

6767

165

0.11

0.21

56670

585.68

 < 0.05

3.47

 > 0.05

Cyprus

1493

5042

0.23

0.01

27291

406

4526

0.08

0.26

26917

323

4524

4

0.08

0.26

26917

373.74

 < 0.05

0.32

 > 0.05

Egypt

3133

5251

0.37

0.00

66005

2595

5158

0.34

0.08

65873

3780

5099

123

0.34

0.08

65860

131.51

 < 0.05

12.28

 < 0.05

England

4474

3312

0.58

0.01

24053

1894

3153

0.38

0.35

23858

2022

3138

27

0.38

0.35

23858

195.12

 < 0.05

0.30

 > 0.05

Finland

1788

3673

0.33

0.02

53219

788

3389

0.19

0.22

52628

712

3379

21

0.19

0.22

52627

591.08

 < 0.05

0.90

 > 0.05

France

1086

3463

0.24

0.01

32032

221

3026

0.07

0.29

31486

272

3024

1

0.07

0.30

31486

545.97

 < 0.05

0.14

 > 0.05

Georgia

2776

4883

0.36

0.00

33865

2047

4655

0.31

0.12

33682

1780

4652

3

0.31

0.16

33682

182.43

 < 0.05

0.64

 > 0.05

Hong Kong

4611

3312

0.58

0.00

33641

2429

330

0.42

0.27

33550

2597

3305

1

0.39

0.27

33549

91.70

 < 0.05

0.19

 > 0.05

Hungary

3035

4341

0.41

0.01

49460

511

3889

0.12

0.41

48640

627

3878

18

0.12

0.41

48640

819.92

 < 0.05

0.25

 > 0.05

Iran

3102

4849

0.39

0.01

66142

891

4703

0.16

0.30

65725

746

4698

9

0.16

0.30

65723

417.42

 < 0.05

1.41

 > 0.05

Ireland

1037

3822

0.21

0.02

42881

238

3360

0.07

0.27

42203

342

3330

58

0.07

0.27

42200

677.19

 < 0.05

3.73

 > 0.05

Israel

5162

4516

0.53

0.00

30438

2084

4311

0.33

0.32

30187

2942

4300

19

0.33

0.32

30182

250.51

 < 0.05

5.30

 > 0.05

Italy

1004

3931

0.20

0.02

39353

541

3629

0.13

0.17

38984

659

3610

33

0.13

0.17

38983

369.16

 < 0.05

0.67

 > 0.05

Japan

828.2

5989

0.12

0.02

50109

362

5447

0.06

0.17

49618

160

5434

21

0.06

0.17

49614

490.35

 < 0.05

4.59

 > 0.05

Jordan

1947

4757

0.29

0.01

65664

1436

4668

0.24

0.10

65500

1097

4665

4

0.24

0.10

65497

164.20

 < 0.05

2.86

 > /05

Kazakhstan

2993

3863

0.44

0.44

45233

2295

3813

0.38

0.11

45128

2908

3786

61

0.38

0.11

45125

104.34

 < 0.05

3.77

 > 0.05

Korea

969.5

7983

0.11

0.01

45229

308

7276

0.04

0.16

44763

145

7271

13

0.04

0.16

44762

465.70

 < 0.05

0.92

 > 0.05

Kuwait

2442

4619

0.35

0.01

44049

2015

4566

0.31

0.08

43975

1457

4562

10

0.31

0.08

43970

74.70

 < 0.05

4.17

 > 0.05

Lebanon

1871

2719

0.41

0.01

45062

944

2697

0.26

0.20

44902

1112

2668

54

0.27

0.20

44897

160.30

 < 0.05

4.58

 > 0.05

Lithuania

2294

4684

0.33

0.00

39859

706

4210

0.14

0.29

39291

668

4209

1

0.14

0.29

39291

568.12

 < 0.05

0.04

 > 0.05

Malaysia

6199

2605

0.70

0.01

75286

1920

2577

0.43

0.48

74877

2540

2543

88

0.44

0.48

74866

408.64

 < 0.05

10.98

 < 0.05

Morocco

1280

3437

0.27

0.00

66387

802

3421

0.19

0.10

66274

985

3404

35

0.19

0.10

66272

113.13

 < 0.05

1.76

 > 0.05

New Zealand

4725

3920

0.55

0.01

61736

1358

3723

0.27

0.41

61165

1269

3692

61

0.27

0.41

61159

570.76

 < 0.05

6.42

 < 0.05

Norway

724

5389

0.12

0.02

37212

367

4823

0.07

0.17

36785

568

4804

33

0.07

0.17

36784

427.08

 < 0.05

0.54

 > 0.05

Oman

2860

6768

0.30

0.01

66282

1575

6438

0.20

0.17

65817

1655

6328

41

0.20

0.17

65816

465.35

 < 0.05

0.69

 > 0.05

Portugal

1581

3533

0.31

0.02

35941

644

3321

0.16

0.25

35609

616

3320

1

0.16

0.25

35609

332.56

 < 0.05

0.05

 > 0.05

Qatar

3876

4544

0.46

0.01

41716

2109

4344

0.33

0.24

41447

2011

4343

1

0.25

0.33

41447

268.64

 < 0.05

0.09

 > 0.05

Romania

3864

5338

0.42

0.01

47922

1641

4920

0.25

0.30

47434

1530

4909

23

0.25

0.30

47433

488.35

 < 0.05

0.57

 > 0.05

Russian federation

2743

3852

0.42

0.00

42831

1738

3769

0.32

0.15

42664

1832

3768

1

0.32

0.15

42664

166.46

 < 0.05

0.14

 > 0.05

Saudi Arabia

2759

4567

0.38

0.00

47658

1218

4478

0.21

0.20

47446

1394

4437

73

0.22

0.20

47442

212.78

 < 0.05

3.87

 > 0.05

Singapore

5872

1840

0.76

0.00

51230

1685

1840

0.48

0.55

50858

2071

1837

4

0.48

0.55

50854

371.80

 < 0.05

4.44

 > 0.05

South Africa

3848

2915

0.57

0.00

198626

1291

2913

0.31

0.33

198105

1509

2904

16

0.31

0.33

198099

521.10

 < 0.05

5.06

 > 0.05

Sweden

1382

4377

0.24

0.02

39570

411

3775

0.10

0.28

38887

766

3736

71

0.11

0.28

38884

683.27

 < 0.05

2.26

 > 0.05

Turkey

3886

7475

0.34

0.00

46082

1164

7020

0.14

0.27

45660

1782

7006

36

0.14

0.27

45659

422.15

 < 0.05

1.49

 > 0.05

United Arab Emirates

5915

3840

0.61

0.00

200878

3777

3798

0.50

0.23

200276

4054

3786

22

0.50

0.23

200274

602.17

 < 0.05

2.31

 > 0.05

United States

6172

3286

0.65

0.00

83959

2365

3220

0.42

0.40

83380

2455

3192

49

0.43

0.40

83376

578.58

 < 0.05

4.36

 > 0.05

  1. The number of parameters in Model 1, Model 2 and Model 3 are 4, 8 and 10 respectively. Therefore, degrees of freedom in model comparisons between Model 1 and Model 2 are four and between Model 2 and Model 3 are two in in all countries
  2. ICC interclass correlation, − 2LL − 2 Loglikelihood