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Table 3 Contextual variables extracted from PISA 2012 students’ questionnaires
Category | Variable | Type | Measure |
|---|---|---|---|
Personal background | Gender (ST04Q01) | Categorical | Dummy variable with male = 0 and female = 1 |
Index of economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS) | Numeric | PISA 2012 index derived from five indices: highest occupational status of parents, highest educational level of parents, family wealth, cultural possessions, and home educational resources (OECD, 2014) | |
Language at home (ST25Q01) | Categorical | An internationally comparable variable computed in PISA 2012 with two categories: (1) language at home is the same as the language of assessment for that student; and (2) language at home is another language (OECD, 2014) | |
Immigration background (IMMIG) | Categorical | This index has three categories: (1) native students (those students who had at least one parent born in the country); (2) second generation students (those born in the country of assessment but whose parent(s) were born in another country); and (3) first-generation students (those students born outside the country of assessment and whose parents were also born in another country) (OECD, 2014) | |
Availability and use of ICT resources | ICT availability at home (ICTHOME) | Numeric | PISA 2012 IRT scales based on the weighted likelihood estimates (WLEs). (OECD, 2014) |
ICT availability at school (ICTSCH) | Numeric | ||
ICT use at home for school-related tasks (HOMSCH) | Numeric | ||
Use of ICT in mathematics lessons (USEMATH) | Numeric | ||
Use of ICT at school (USESCH) | Numeric | ||
Learning conditions | Experience with applied mathematics tasks at school (EXAPPLM) | Numeric | PISA 2012 IRT scales on OTL content based on the WLEs. (OECD, 2014) |
Experience with pure mathematics tasks at school (EXPUREM) | Numeric |