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Table 10 Coefficients of ICT, OTL, and controlling variables on latent factors measured by response accuracy, response time, and frequency of actions

From: Exploring the relationship between process data and contextual variables among Scandinavian students on PISA 2012 mathematics tasks

Effect

Denmark (N = 615)

Sweden (N = 403)

Norway (N = 408)

Regressing mathematic achievement (response accuracy)

 ExApplM

0.039 (0.021)

− 0.031 (0.02)

− 0.019 (0.025)

 ExPureM

− 0.009 (0.018)

0.062** (0.021)

0.064** (0.024)

 ICT

− 0.243* (0.106)

− 0.094 (0.071)

− 0.089 (0.132)

 ESCS

0.075*** (0.02)

0.06* (0.023)

0.098*** (0.028)

 Gender

− 0.131*** (0.035)

− 0.12** (0.039)

− 0.018 (0.041)

 Language at home

0.03 (0.076)

0.106 (0.138)

− 0.091 (0.095)

 Immigration status

− 0.067 (0.049)

-0.063 (0.088)

0.056 (0.059)

Regressing speed (response time)

 ExApplM

0.031 (0.023)

− 0.015 (0.033)

0.002 (0.046)

 ExPureM

0.016 (0.02)

0.044 (0.031)

0.112** (0.039)

 ICT

− 0.048 (0.147)

− 0.09 (0.12)

0.177 (0.233)

 ESCS

0.092*** (0.022)

0.036 (0.035)

0.064 (0.042)

 Gender

0.01 (0.037)

− 0.016 (0.048)

0.049 (0.051)

 Language at home

− 0.044 (0.102)

− 0.011 (0.13)

0.001 (0.147)

 Immigration status

− 0.077 (0.068)

0.054 (0.088)

0.024 (0.105)

Regressing exploratory behavior (frequency of actions)

 ExApplM

0.127* (0.064)

− 0.083 (0.073)

− 0.005 (0.076)

 ExPureM

− 0.027 (0.06)

0.173* (0.071)

0.18* (0.073)

 ICT

− 0.688 (0.351)

− 0.281 (0.239)

− 0.086 (0.464)

 ESCS

0.187** (0.06)

0.037 (0.083)

0.137 (0.082)

 Gender

− 0.192 (0.107)

− 0.514*** (0.132)

0.009 (0.119)

 Language at home

− 0.238 (0.23)

0.081 (0.39)

0.031 (0.29)

 Immigration status

0.001 (0.147)

0.027 (0.249)

− 0.208 (0.203)

  1. The standard errors of the coefficients are in parentheses
  2. ExApplM experience with applied mathematics tasks at school, ExPureM experience with pure mathematics tasks at school, ICT information communication technology, ESCS economic, social, and cultural status
  3. *p ≤ 0.05
  4. **p ≤ 0.01
  5. ***p ≤ 0.001