Managerial practices and school efficiency: a data envelopment analysis across OECD and MENA countries using TIMSS 2019 data

Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 4 Second stage summary statistics

	All countries		MENA countries		OECD countries		Difference between MENA and OECD countries
	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Difference between MENA and OECD countries
Math resource availability (a scale provided by TIMSS)	10.15	1.92	9.58	2.11	10.70	1.51	− 1.12***
Science resource availability (a scale provided by TIMSS)	10.23	2.06	9.64	2.28	10.82	1.62	− 1.18***
Experience of school principal (in years)	9.44	7.78	9.57	7.84	9.31	7.72	0.27
Student targets and motivation to meet goals (index varies from 0 to 1)	0.72	0.13	0.73	0.14	0.72	0.13	0.01***
Teachers’ targets and motivation to meet goals (index varies from 0 to 1)	0.64	0.10	0.64	0.10	0.63	0.09	0.01***
Teacher presenteeism (index varies from 1 to 4)	0.83	0.20	0.79	0.23	0.87	0.15	− 0.08***
Parental involvement (index varies from 0 to 1)	0.66	0.16	0.65	0.17	0.67	0.14	− 0.01***
Student discipline (a scale provided by TIMSS)	10.31	2.10	10.22	2.50	10.40	1.61	− 0.18***