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An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 2 Standardized regression coefficients of controlling variables in the path model for Finland

From: Associations between teacher quality, instructional quality and student reading outcomes in Nordic PIRLS 2016 data

Controlling variable

Coefficient (std. error)

Reading achievement

Students confident in reading

Students like reading

Male gender

− 0.16 (0.02)***

− 0.08 (0.02)***

− 0.18 (0.02)***

Home language

0.11 (0.02)***

0.05 (0.02)**

− 0.05 (0.02)*

Number of books at home

0.31 (0.02)***

0.16 (0.02)***

0.20 (0.02)***

  1. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; +p <  0.10; nsp ≥ 0.10