An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 3 Contextual categorical variables by gender, TIMSS 2019
Grade 4 | Grade 8 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | φ/φc | Male | Female | φ/φc | |
% | % | % | % | |||
Student level variables | ||||||
Student immigration status | 0.029 | 0.051** | ||||
Native | 64.8 | 66.9 | 76.7 | 81.4 | ||
Second-generation immigrant students | 28.8 | 27.6 | 15.4 | 11.7 | ||
First-generation immigrant students | 6.4 | 5.5 | 7.9 | 6.8 | ||
Student owns mobile phone | 0.036** | 0.000 | ||||
Yes | 62.7 | 58.3 | 81.4 | 82.3 | ||
No | 37.3 | 41.7 | 18.6 | 17.7 | ||
Preschool attendance and duration | 0.018 | |||||
Did not attend | 30.8 | 30.0 | ||||
1 year or less | 39.7 | 39.0 | ||||
2 years | 18.3 | 18.3 | ||||
3 years or more | 11.2 | 12.7 | ||||
Student absenteeism | 0.131*** | 0.182*** | ||||
Never or almost never | 36.6 | 47.8 | 34.3 | 20.0 | ||
Once every two months | 10.3 | 9.9 | 15.8 | 11.7 | ||
Once a month | 12.3 | 10.5 | 17.7 | 21.7 | ||
Once every two weeks | 10.0 | 7.3 | 13.7 | 21.5 | ||
Once a week | 30.8 | 24.5 | 18.6 | 25.1 | ||
Time spent on mathematics homework | 0.051** | |||||
15 min or less | 75.8 | 73.3 | ||||
16 min or more | 24.2 | 26.7 | ||||
Time spent on science homework | 0.045** | |||||
15 min or less | 71.0 | 77.4 | ||||
16 min or more | 29.0 | 22.6 | ||||
Class/school-level variables | ||||||
School location | 0.068*** | 0.247*** | ||||
Urban | 61.5 | 58.7 | 66.4 | 47.9 | ||
Suburban/medium size city or large town | 27.5 | 27.4 | 15.0 | 33.7 | ||
Small town or village/remote rural | 11.0 | 13.9 | 18.6 | 18.4 | ||
Teacher age (mathematics teacher) | 0.073*** | 0.243*** | ||||
29 years or younger | 9.7 | 4.8 | 28.3 | 3.9 | ||
30–39 years | 39.6 | 47.0 | 48.2 | 62.1 | ||
40 years or older | 50.8 | 48.2 | 23.5 | 34.0 | ||
Teacher age (science teacher) | 0.047** | 0.126*** | ||||
29 years or younger | 12.7 | 6.5 | 10.2 | 2.1 | ||
30–39 years | 38.9 | 46.8 | 56.2 | 50.7 | ||
40 years or older | 48.4 | 46.7 | 33.6 | 47.2 | ||
Time assigned to mathematics homework | 0.147*** | 0.119*** | ||||
15 min or less | 52.7 | 67.2 | 58.4 | 62.8 | ||
16 min or more | 47.3 | 32.8 | 41.6 | 37.2 | ||
Time assigned to science homework | 0.054** | 0.180*** | ||||
15 min or less | 77.3 | 69.8 | 66.8 | 81.4 | ||
16 min or more | 22.7 | 30.2 | 33.2 | 18.6 | ||
Poor teacher timekeeping | 0.157*** | 0.165*** | ||||
Not a problem | 42.0 | 52.1 | 39.3 | 56.6 | ||
Minor problem | 35.6 | 34.0 | 42.2 | 26.5 | ||
Moderate or serious problem | 22.4 | 13.9 | 18.5 | 16.9 | ||
Teacher absenteeism | 0.211*** | 0.066*** | ||||
Not a problem | 45.0 | 33.1 | 47.8 | 42.8 | ||
Minor problem | 28.6 | 48.9 | 31.8 | 32.0 | ||
Moderate or serious problem | 26.4 | 18.0 | 20.4 | 25.2 | ||
Teacher highest level of education (mathematics teacher) | 0.174*** | |||||
Up to ISCED level 6—bachelor’s or equivalent level (grade 8) | 97.7 | 100.0 | ||||
ISCED levels 7 & 8—master’s or doctorate degree (grade 8) | 2.3 | 0.0 | ||||
Teacher highest level of education (science teacher) | 0.038** | |||||
Up to ISCED level 6—bachelor’s or equivalent level (grade 8) | 91.3 | 98.0 | ||||
ISCED levels 7 & 8—master’s or doctorate degree (grade 8) | 8.7 | 2.0 | ||||
Teacher major area of study (mathematics teacher) | 0.222*** | 0.209*** | ||||
Education and mathematics (grade 4) | 40.7 | 21.0 | ||||
Mathematics but not education (grade 4) | 47.4 | 59.6 | ||||
Mathematics and mathematics education (grade 8) | 24.9 | 11.6 | ||||
Mathematics but not mathematics education (grade 8) | 68.3 | 70.6 | ||||
All other majors | 11.9 | 19.4 | 6.8 | 17.8 | ||
Teacher major area of study (science teacher) | 0.245*** | 0.167*** | ||||
Education and science (grade 4) | 40.9 | 15.8 | ||||
Science but not education (grade 4) | 49.1 | 66.9 | ||||
Science and science education (grade 8) | 27.2 | 10.3 | ||||
Science but not science education (grade 8) | 65.6 | 85.0 | ||||
All other majors | 10.0 | 17.3 | 7.2 | 4.7 | ||
Teacher major area of study (science teacher) | 0.245*** | 0.167*** | ||||
Education and science (grade 4) | 40.9 | 15.8 | ||||
Science but not education (grade 4) | 49.1 | 66.9 | ||||
Science and science education (grade 8) | 27.2 | 10.3 | ||||
Science but not science education (grade 8) | 65.6 | 85.0 | ||||
All other majors | 10.0 | 17.3 | 7.2 | 4.7 | ||
Professional development hours on mathematics | 0.326*** | 0.196*** | ||||
None | 10.5 | 4.6 | 11.9 | 3.8 | ||
Less than 6 h | 20.1 | 5.4 | 14.2 | 12.2 | ||
6–15 h | 34.0 | 28.0 | 34.4 | 26.1 | ||
16–35 h | 19.2 | 27.1 | 20.9 | 31.3 | ||
More than 35 h | 16.2 | 34.9 | 18.5 | 26.7 | ||
Professional development hours on science | 0.238*** | 0.324*** | ||||
None | 18.6 | 8.7 | 13.5 | 0.2 | ||
Less than 6 h | 12.4 | 13.0 | 12.8 | 8.9 | ||
6–15 h | 32.9 | 28.1 | 35.2 | 26.0 | ||
16–35 h | 21.1 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 34.4 | ||
More than 35 h | 15.0 | 33.3 | 21.5 | 30.6 | ||
Professional development on mathematics content | 0.007 | 0.098*** | ||||
Yes | 55.3 | 55.0 | 42.0 | 50.0 | ||
No | 44.7 | 45.0 | 58.0 | 50.0 | ||
Professional development on science content | 0.131*** | 0.182*** | ||||
Yes | 43.5 | 56.1 | 43.6 | 62.3 | ||
No | 56.5 | 43.9 | 56.4 | 37.7 | ||
Professional development on mathematics pedagogy | 0.075*** | 0.081*** | ||||
Yes | 56.8 | 61.8 | 60.5 | 67.1 | ||
No | 43.2 | 38.2 | 39.5 | 32.9 | ||
Professional development on science pedagogy | 0.053** | 0.172*** | ||||
Yes | 46.3 | 47.1 | 57.2 | 76.8 | ||
No | 53.7 | 52.9 | 42.8 | 23.2 | ||
Principal highest level of education | 0.112*** | 0.027* | ||||
ISCED Level 6—bachelor’s or equivalent level | 82.4 | 92.9 | 90.9 | 93.7 | ||
ISCED levels 7 & 8—master’s or doctorate degree | 17.6 | 7.1 | 9.1 | 6.3 | ||
Principal qualification in educational leadership | 0.168*** | 0.233*** | ||||
Yes | 25.6 | 14.8 | 28.5 | 8.5 | ||
No | 74.4 | 85.2 | 71.5 | 91.5 | ||
School library | 0.187*** | 0.026 | ||||
Yes | 69.5 | 49.4 | 74.7 | 72.4 | ||
No | 30.5 | 50.6 | 25.3 | 27.6 | ||