An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 11 Steps 6 and 7 from the hierarchical two-level linear regression models for mathematics and science achievement, grade 8, TIMSS 2019
Mathematics | Science | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 6 | Step 7 | Step 6 | Step 7 | ||
R2 | Student-level (%) | 26.7 | 27.3 | 25.5 | 27.2 |
Class/school-level (%) | 64.0 | 74.4 | 69.8 | 79.0 | |
Intercept (SE) | 367.09 (23.42) | 310.38 (36.78) | 441.38 (19.49) | 426.88 (24.75) | |
Student-level variables (reference category) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | |
Gender (male) | 16.29 (6.98)* | 90.11 (35.49)* | 39.89 (7.52)*** | 74.88 (25.07)** | |
Student immigration status (native) | |||||
Second-generation immigrant students | 17.59 (7.92)* | 17.51 (7.97)* | 31.81 (8.36)*** | 31.84 (8.36)*** | |
First-generation immigrant students | 31.83 (9.37)** | 31.92 (9.33)** | 43.75 (9.67)*** | 43.76 (9.57)*** | |
Home educational resources | 4.09 (1.03)*** | 4.10 (1.03)*** | 5.39 (1.40)*** | 5.44 (1.40)*** | |
Student owns mobile phone (no) | 4.20 (5.13) | 3.80 (5.07) | − 0.32 (6.32) | − 1.32 (6.53) | |
Student absenteeism (never or almost never) | |||||
Once every two months | − 8.73 (5.81) | − 9.10 (5.78) | − 5.55 (6.26) | − 5.16 (6.26) | |
Once a month | − 19.47 (5.06)*** | − 20.02 (5.20)*** | − 13.34 (5.34)* | − 12.49 (5.24)* | |
Once every two weeks | − 29.92 (4.84)*** | − 30.31 (4.83)*** | − 10.40 (7.47) | − 10.19 (7.49) | |
Once a week | − 44.23 (6.40)*** | − 44.52 (6.53)*** | − 46.77 (6.44)*** | − 47.10 (6.46)*** | |
Student likes learning mathematics/science | − 4.30 (1.57)** | − 4.35 (1.57)** | − 0.85 (1.17) | − 0.79 (1.18) | |
Student confident in mathematics/science | 15.24 (1.27)*** | 15.26 (1.27)*** | 11.35 (1.54)*** | 14.09 (2.02)*** | |
Student sense of school belonging | − 1.03 (1.12) | − 1.00 (1.12) | − 1.20 (1.45) | − 1.15 (1.45) | |
Bullyinga | − 0.42 (0.91) | − 0.43 (0.91) | 1.49 (1.21) | 1.32 (1.21) | |
Time spent on mathematics/science homework (15 min or less)b | − 11.35 (3.98)** | − 11.40 (4.01)** | − 12.37 (3.99)** | − 11.94 (3.99)** | |
Class/school-level variables (reference category) | |||||
School mean of home educational resources | 25.97 (5.32)*** | 26.91 (5.29)*** | 20.23 (4.66)*** | 18.59 (4.37)*** | |
School location (urban) | |||||
Suburban/medium size city or large town | 6.64 (6.19) | 9.63 (6.22) | − 6.53 (5.96) | − 7.84 (5.70) | |
Small town or village/remote rural | 2.05 (11.06) | 4.58 (11.13) | 3.12 (8.44) | − 3.79 (8.53) | |
Teacher age (40 years or older) | |||||
29 years or younger | − 20.08 (19.13) | − 23.36 (19.05) | 9.78 (13.38) | 3.56 (12.88) | |
30–39 years | − 5.54 (11.15) | − 6.51 (11.35) | − 2.14 (6.47) | − 20.34 (7.79)** | |
Safe and orderly schools | 0.87 (1.68) | 0.87 (1.62) | 2.29 (1.40) | 1.96 (1.44) | |
School emphasis on academic success | 1.80 (1.70) | 5.76 (2.48)* | 0.07 (1.24) | 0.46 (1.29) | |
School discipline | − 2.60 (1.92) | − 3.11 (1.93) | 0.64 (1.14) | 0.13 (1.13) | |
Teacher years of experience | − 0.49 (0.88) | − 0.60 (0.88) | 0.54 (0.48) | 0.54 (0.51) | |
Teacher job satisfaction | − 1.07 (2.18) | − 1.70 (2.15) | − 3.19 (2.47) | − 3.35 (2.36) | |
Time assigned to mathematics/science homework (15 min or less)b | 10.39 (6.03) | 13.77 (6.21)* | − 4.98 (6.32) | − 7.03 (5.91) | |
Poor teacher timekeeping (not a problem) | |||||
Minor problem | 7.38 (8.34) | 7.72 (7.64) | 2.15 (8.32) | 0.82 (7.67) | |
Moderate or serious problem | 1.67 (15.21) | 10.83 (14.07) | 13.22 (11.46) | 12.78 (10.64) | |
Teacher absenteeism (not a problem) | |||||
Minor problem | − 3.46 (7.99) | − 1.30 (7.43) | 1.19 (6.79) | 2.17 (6.24) | |
Moderate or serious problem | − 20.00 (13.91) | − 28.83 (14.24)* | − 17.19 (8.26)* | − 16.62 (7.64)* | |
Teacher highest level of education (Up to ISCED level 6 — bachelor’s or equivalent level)c | 54.32 (15.71)** | 67.81 (17.26)*** | − 3.91 (13.17) | − 8.79 (12.29) | |
Teacher major area of study (mathematics/science and mathematics/science education) | |||||
Mathematics/science but not mathematics/science education | − 5.55 (7.31) | − 5.02 (7.25) | − 11.49 (6.62) | − 11.88 (6.43) | |
All other majors | − 0.44 (9.16) | − 5.21 (9.65) | 22.96 (10.73)* | 20.62 (9.38)* | |
Professional development hours on mathematics/science (more than 35 h) | |||||
16–35 h | − 14.62 (8.62) | − 18.01 (8.67)* | − 3.53 (7.63) | − 3.66 (7.06) | |
6–15 h | − 0.91 (7.97) | − 2.98 (7.67) | − 0.71 (6.72) | − 4.61 (6.57) | |
Less than 6 h | − 9.99 (8.94) | − 11.23 (8.69) | − 0.04 (8.80) | 3.27 (8.49) | |
None | − 19.37 (11.70) | − 24.04 (12.16)* | 3.65 (15.01) | 6.03 (14.52) | |
Professional development on mathematics/science content (no) | 4.33 (5.31) | 5.13 (5.06) | 8.62 (7.78) | 11.07 (7.34) | |
Professional development on mathematics/science pedagogy (no) | − 0.02 (7.05) | 1.28 (6.95) | − 0.02 (8.96) | 0.27 (7.98) | |
Principal years of experience | − 0.24 (0.38) | − 0.34 (0.39) | − 0.09 (0.35) | − 0.19 (0.35) | |
Principal highest level of education (ISCED levels 7 & 8—master’s or doctorate degree)d | − 4.32 (11.75) | 1.36 (11.86) | 4.73 (13.27) | 6.23 (13.36) | |
Principal qualification in educational leadership (no) | 12.85 (8.06) | 11.58 (7.68) | 3.02 (6.33) | − 0.05 (6.46) | |
School library (no) | 9.32 (6.98) | 9.76 (6.95) | 6.66 (6.20) | 9.22 (5.81) | |
Interaction terms (reference category) | |||||
Gender*School emphasis on academic success | − 6.43 (3.04)* | ||||
Gender*Student confident in science | -4.88 (1.91)* | ||||
Gender*Teacher age (40 years or older)—30–39 years | 32.15 (10.20)** | ||||
Fit statistics | Loglikelihood (H0) | − 12113.38 | − 12109.54 | − 13016.61 | − 13004.99 |
AIC | 24316.77 | 24311.07 | 26123.23 | 26103.99 | |
BIC | 24572.77 | 24572.76 | 26381.44 | 26373.68 | |