An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Mathematics | Science | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 6 | Step 7 | Step 6 | Step 7 | ||
R2 | Student-level (%) | 21.0 | 26.2 | 22.5 | 27.4 |
Class/school-level (%) | 54.9 | 71.4 | 46.0 | 64.8 | |
Intercept (SE) | 396.29 (21.00) | 296.27 (37.86) | 433.35 (21.20) | 320.48 (35.66) | |
Student-level variables (reference category) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | |
Gender (male) | − 6.71 (11.92) | 164.98 (54.64)** | 21.52 (8.79)* | 249.50 (59.64)*** | |
Student immigration status (native) | |||||
Second-generation immigrant students | 15.40 (11.36) | 14.58 (11.44) | 14.12 (11.98) | 13.25 (12.08) | |
First-generation immigrant students | 26.74 (17.41) | 26.53 (17.24) | 32.10 (14.51)* | 37.67 (13.70)** | |
Home resources for learning | 4.35 (2.11)* | 4.64 (2.11)* | 2.85 (2.79) | 2.83 (2.79) | |
Student owns mobile phone (no) | − 0.10 (4.70) | 0.10 (4.51) | − 1.58 (1.96) | − 1.45 (1.96) | |
Literacy and numeracy readiness for school | 7.57 (1.44)*** | 7.57 (1.43)*** | 7.62 (1.41)*** | 10.35 (1.91)*** | |
Preschool attendance and duration (did not attend) | |||||
1 year or less | 1.51 (6.97) | 0.38 (6.81) | 4.88 (5.19) | 3.79 (5.14) | |
2 years | − 6.20 (8.84) | − 8.60 (8.84) | 8.61 (6.40) | 6.55 (6.36) | |
3 years or more | 15.10 (9.06) | 14.00 (8.81) | 8.71 (8.62) | 8.66 (8.49) | |
Student absenteeism (never or almost never) | |||||
Once every two months | 5.36 (9.85) | 4.74 (9.69) | 7.90 (7.20) | 8.14 (7.23) | |
Once a month | 7.54 (8.60) | 7.21 (8.49) | − 2.91 (7.42) | − 2.24 (7.39) | |
Once every two weeks | − 20.34 (8.88)* | − 21.87 (8.85)* | − 15.47 (9.37) | − 15.07 (9.20) | |
Once a week | − 23.53 (7.35)** | − 34.61 (8.67)*** | − 21.05 (5.67)*** | − 20.78 (5.50)*** | |
Student likes learning mathematics/science | 4.67 (1.60)** | 4.82 (1.55)** | 5.33 (1.76)** | 5.16 (1.75)** | |
Student confident in mathematics/science | 7.91 (1.50)*** | 8.24 (1.47)*** | 7.89 (1.62)*** | 8.09 (1.61)*** | |
Student sense of school belonging | − 3.10 (1.16)** | − 3.10 (1.17)** | − 3.68 (1.32)** | − 3.55 (1.31)** | |
Bullyinga | 4.91 (1.28)*** | 5.20 (1.26)*** | 5.78 (1.44)*** | 5.91 (1.44)*** | |
Class/school−level variables (reference category) | |||||
School mean of home resources for learning | 15.70 (9.03) | 10.65 (8.07) | 22.16 (6.74)** | 17.82 (5.67)** | |
School location (urban) | |||||
Suburban/medium size city or large town | − 8.40 (11.43) | − 3.81 (9.56) | − 10.96 (9.66) | − 36.03 (10.25)*** | |
Small town or village/remote rural | 54.91 (26.49)* | 42.47 (24.77) | 60.77 (20.36)** | 60.10 (16.90)*** | |
Teacher age (40 years or older) | |||||
29 years or younger | 15.59 (19.55) | − 4.73 (18.68) | − 43.78 (17.99)* | − 17.31 (16.16) | |
30–39 years | 16.37 (14.17) | 18.35 (12.26) | − 28.52 (10.26)** | − 20.29 (9.24)* | |
Safe and orderly schools | 0.32 (3.21) | 6.63 (4.00) | 5.29 (3.07) | 9.92 (3.52)** | |
School emphasis on academic success | − 0.26 (2.76) | 2.93 (2.58) | − 1.91 (1.83) | − 0.75 (1.71) | |
School discipline | − 3.91 (3.80) | − 1.60 (3.74) | − 1.84 (2.68) | − 0.85 (2.51) | |
Teacher years of experience | 1.76 (0.60)** | 2.23 (0.59)*** | − 1.51 (0.60)* | − 0.95 (0.59) | |
Teacher job satisfaction | 1.10 (4.34) | − 0.03 (4.03) | − 3.32 (3.34) | − 4.52 (3.17) | |
Time assigned to mathematics/science homework (15 min or less)b | 4.63 (8.85) | 9.68 (8.52) | − 7.30 (11.31) | − 5.47 (9.81) | |
Poor teacher timekeeping (not a problem) | |||||
Minor problem | − 24.39 (11.49)* | − 14.89 (8.67) | 2.50 (11.75) | 4.86 (10.50) | |
Moderate or serious problem | − 2.18 (17.35) | 13.44 (16.06) | − 1.66 (17.19) | − 0.39 (15.45) | |
Teacher absenteeism (not a problem) | |||||
Minor problem | 8.04 (13.45) | 5.03 (11.02) | 1.01 (13.17) | − 2.16 (10.94) | |
Moderate or serious problem | − 7.64 (23.90) | − 8.53 (21.01) | 1.87 (16.55) | 5.55 (13.59) | |
Teacher major area of study (education and mathematics/science) | |||||
Mathematics/science but not education | − 8.20 (9.26) | − 6.76 (8.18) | − 2.69 (9.78) | − 7.35 (8.84) | |
All other majors | − 9.88 (12.49) | − 18.21 (10.74) | − 23.80 (18.47) | − 34.13 (17.72) | |
Professional development hours on mathematics/science (more than 35 h) | |||||
16–35 h | − 29.46 (11.69)* | − 22.62 (10.50)* | 3.50 (14.09) | 5.25 (11.73) | |
6–15 h | − 5.35 (13.24) | 4.99 (12.26) | − 5.01 (12.01) | − 4.52 (10.92) | |
Less than 6 h | − 3.30 (14.44) | 4.14 (12.28) | 18.81 (15.70) | 12.82 (13.31) | |
None | − 1.71 (21.24) | − 2.60 (16.21) | − 35.32 (15.06)* | − 37.77 (15.23)* | |
Professional development on mathematics/science content (no) | 19.53 (10.85) | 15.17 (10.60) | 9.96 (12.76) | 11.64 (11.14) | |
Professional development on mathematics/science pedagogy (no) | 13.29 (11.26) | 14.85 (9.46) | − 2.53 (10.00) | − 1.60 (9.00) | |
Principal years of experience | − 0.13 (0.79) | − 0.29 (0.71) | − 0.20 (0.66) | 0.15 (0.60) | |
Principal highest level of education (ISCED levels 7 & 8 — master’s or doctorate degree)c | − 3.76 (15.01) | 4.78 (12.47) | − 11.91 (10.93) | − 13.19 (9.41) | |
Principal qualification in educational leadership (no) | − 4.76 (13.02) | − 6.06 (10.83) | 5.72 (9.43) | 7.28 (8.66) | |
School library (no) | 19.09 (10.82) | 15.10 (10.29) | 4.69 (8.59) | 7.65 (7.90) | |
Interaction terms (reference category) | |||||
Gender*Safe and orderly schools | − 16.25 (5.13)** | − 15.61 (4.93)** | |||
Gender*Student absenteeism (never or almost never)—once a week | 22.88 (10.44)* | ||||
Gender*Teacher age (40 years or older)—29 years or younger | 89.46 (30.62)** | ||||
Gender*literacy and numeracy readiness for school | − 6.29 (2.57)* | ||||
Gender*school location (urban)—suburban/medium size city or large town | 75.76 (15.57)*** | ||||
Fit statistics | Loglikelihood (H0) | − 8549.92 | − 8533.11 | − 12381.76 | − 12361.03 |
AIC | 17193.84 | 17166.23 | 24857.51 | 24822.05 | |
BIC | 17442.83 | 17431.12 | 25123.27 | 25104.77 |