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Table 3 Results from the mediation models where aspects of school climate, student motivation, and self-concept are mediators of the effect of Time on achievement
Regression coefficients from Fig. 2 | Regression coefficients a | Regression coefficients b |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Effect of time on the variable | Effect of the variable on achievement | R2 | Indirect effect |
School emphasis | − 0.04 (− 0.10) | 21.16** (0.06) | 0.01 | − 0.76 (− 0.00) |
School belonging and well-being | − 0.11** (− 0.10) | 1.65 (0.13) | 0.01* | − 0.19 (− 0.00) |
Bullying | − 0.03* (− 0.04) | 5.28* (0.03) | 0.00 | − 0.17 (− 0.00) |
Safe environment | − 0.10** (− 0.31) | 33.62* (0.07) | 0.09** | − 3.24** (− 0.02) |
Motivation, interest-enjoyment value | − 0.03 (− 0.02) | 0.66 (0.01) | 0.00 | − 0.02 (− 0.00) |
Motivation, utility value | − 0.10** (− 0.08) | 2.80 (0.02) | 0.01* | − 0.27 (− 0.00) |
Self-concept | − 0.12** (− 0.07) | 48.02** (0.54) | 0.01** | − 5.62** (− 0.04) |