Table 3 Means in continuous background variables by mathematics performance group, PISA 2012

Student mathematics self-efficacy

high achievers

346

1.05 (0.83)

1.16

0.05

1.06, 1.26

22.64

1.29

non-high achievers

2,958

-0.11 (0.91)

Student mathematics self-concept

high achievers

365

0.86 (0.90)

1.01

0.05

0.91, 1.11

20.64

1.14

non-high achievers

2,962

-0.15 (0.88)

Student mathematics anxiety

high achievers

365

-0.72 (0.98)

-0.93

0.05

-1.02, -0.84

19.38

1.07

non-high achievers

2,960

0.21 (0.85)

Student openness for problem solving

high achievers

347

0.82 (0.87)

0.94

0.05

0.84, 1.04

17.93

1.02

non-high achievers

2,947

-0.12 (0.93)

Student familiarity with mathematical concepts

high achievers

352

0.21 (0.74)

0.75

0.05

0.65, 0.85

14.59

0.82

non-high achievers

2,957

-0.54 (0.93)

Family economic, social and cultural status

high achievers

533

0.64 (0.72)

0.58

0.04

0.51, 0.65

15.28

0.70

non-high achievers

4,440

0.06 (0.84)

Student interest in mathematics

high achievers

346

0.62 (0.91)

0.63

0.05

0.52, 0.74

11.72

0.67

non-high achievers

2,960

-0.01 (0.95)

Student perseverance

high achievers

347

0.61 (1.01)

0.52

0.06

0.41, 0.63

9.07

0.51

non-high achievers

2,951

0.09 (1.01)

Student instrumental motivation in mathematics

high achievers

346

0.50 (0.88)

0.42

0.05

0.32, 0.52

8.07

0.46

non-high achievers

2,957

0.08 (0.92)

Student mathematics work ethic

high achievers

346

0.45 (0.90)

0.43

0.05

0.33, 0.53

8.16

0.46

non-high achievers

2,955

0.02 (0.93)

Student attributions to failure in mathematics

high achievers

347

-0.46 (0.87)

-0.40

0.05

-0.51, -0.29

7.41

0.42

non-high achievers

2,953

-0.06 (0.96)

Student mathematics behaviour

high achievers

347

-0.08 (0.82)

0.39

0.06

0.28, 0.50

7.06

0.40

non-high achievers

2,957

-0.47 (0.99)

Disciplinary climate in mathematics classes

high achievers

366

0.46 (1.02)

0.37

0.06

0.25, 0.49

6.12

0.34

non-high achievers

2,965

0.09 (1.10)

Student mathematics intentions

high achievers

343

0.12 (0.90)

0.26

0.06

0.15, 0.37

4.73

0.27

non-high achievers

2,889

-0.14 (0.97)

Student-related factors affecting school climate

high achievers

502

0.12 (0.91)

0.23

0.04

0.15, 0.31

5.34

0.25

non-high achievers

4,092

-0.11 (0.91)

School size

high achievers

534

662.54 (260.83)

58.40

12.37

34.11, 82.69

4.72

0.22

non-high achievers

4,482

604.14 (271.18)

ICT availability at school

high achievers

531

-0.22 (0.73)

-0.17

0.04

-0.25, -0.09

4.37

0.20

non-high achievers

4,404

-0.05 (0.86)

Shortage of educational staff in the school

high achievers

502

-0.30 (0.82)

-0.17

0.04

-0.25, -0.09

4.29

0.20

non-high achievers

4,092

-0.13 (0.84)

School mean of family economic, social and cultural status

high achievers

534

-0.59 (0.20)

0.00

0.01

-0.02, 0.02

0.00

0.00

non-high achievers

4,482

-0.59 (0.20)