Table 1 Distribution of students across nominal background variables by performance group

Variable

Categories

N

%

n observed (expected)

%

n observed (expected)

χ ²

φ

PISA 2012 - mathematics

Student sex

females

2,471

8.9

220 (263)

91.1

2,251 (2,208)

15.19

0.06

males

2,545

12.3

314 (271)

87.7

2,231 (2,274)

PISA 2015 - science

Parent perceptions and expectations: do you expect your child will go into a science-related career?

no

3,051

3.5

108 (230)

96.5

2,943 (2,821)

180.17

0.19

yes

1,928

13.9

268 (146)

86.1

1,660 (1,782)

Parent perceptions and expectations: does your child show interest in working in a science-related career?

no

2,709

2.9

79 (202)

97.1

2,630 (2,507)

174.38

0.19

yes

2,335

12.8

298 (175)

87.2

2,037 (2,160)

Parent perceptions and expectations: has your child shown interest in studying science after completing secondary school?

no

2,804

3.2

89 (211)

96.8

2,715 (2,593)

170.63

0.18

yes

2,224

13.0

289 (167)

87.0

1,935 (2,057)

Parent perceptions and expectations: do you expect your child will study science after completing secondary school?

no

2,893

3.5

100 (217)

96.5

2,793 (2,676)

160.15

0.18

yes

2,091

13.1

273 (156)

86.9

1,818 (1,935)

Before going to school: Internet\Chat\Social networks (e.g. Facebook)

no

1,780

11.6

206 (129)

88.4

1,574 (1,651)

72.32

0.11

yes

3,742

5.2

194 (271)

94.8

3,548 (3,471)

Member of student’s family (including parent) working in a science-related career

no

3,318

5.4

180 (250)

94.6

3,138 (3,068)

60.64

0.11

yes

1,740

11.6

201 (131)

88.4

1,539 (1,609)

After leaving school: Meet friends or talk to friends on the phone

no

1,195

12.3

147 (86)

87.7

1,048 (1,109)

58.04

0.10

yes

4,278

5.8

248 (309)

94.2

4,030 (3,969)

Before going to school: Exercise or practise a sport

no

3,571

9.2

330 (260)

90.8

3,241 (3,311)

57.55

0.10

yes

1,892

3.6

68 (138)

96.4

1,824 (1,754)

Before going to school: Meet friends or talk to friends on the phone

no

2,844

9.8

279 (206)

90.2

2,565 (2,638)

57.24

0.10

yes

2,638

4.5

118 (191)

95.5

2,520 (2,447)

Before going to school: Watch TV\DVD\Video

no

3,679

9.1

333 (267)

90.9

3,346 (3,412)

52.05

0.10

yes

1,814

3.6

66 (132)

96.4

1,748 (1,682)

Student sex

females

2,833

4.9

139 (200)

95.1

2,694 (2,633)

39.26

0.08

males

2,908

9.2

267 (206)

90.8

2,641 (2,702)