Table 1 Means and Standard Deviations of the Sample Data

Country Level

 GDP Per Capita

GDP_PC

28,967

22,535

34,174

26,038

29,411

22,506

29,229

18,877

School Level

 PISA Index of economic, social, and cultural status

Mean ESCS

− 0.10

0.65

− 0.20

0.71

− 0.23

0.68

− 0.15

0.66

 School type

SCHLTYPE

1.81

0.40

1.78

0.41

1.77

0.42

1.80

0.40

1 = Private, 2 = Public

 Creative extra-curricular activities

CREACTIV

0.28

0.98

1.76

1.04

1.85

1.03

2.03

1.00

 Shortage of educational staff

STAFFSHORT¹

− 0.09

0.97

0.00

1.03

0.04

1.06

− 0.06

1.03

 Quality of educational resources

SCMATEDU

0.06

0.98

0.00

1.03

–

–

–

–

 Shortage of educational material

EDUSHORT

–

–

–

–

0.07

1.08

0.01

1.03

 Number of available computers per student

RATCMP1²

0.56

0.40

0.62

0.77

0.70

0.68

0.76

0.93

Ratio of computers to students

 Proportion of available computers connected to the Internet^a

RATCMP2³

0.94

0.18

0.95

0.18

0.95

0.17

0.95

0.17

0 = none online, 1 = all online

Student Level

 PISA Index of economic, social, and cultural status

ESCS

− 0.06

1.00

− 0.16

1.04

− 0.22

1.03

− 0.13

1.01

 Gender of students

GENDER

1.49

0.50

1.49

0.50

1.49

0.50

1.49

0.50

1 = female, 2 = male

ICT Outside School Lessons

 ICT available at home

ICTHOME

− 0.11

1.03

− 0.08

1.04

8.06^a

2.15^a

8.05^a

2.20

 ICT use outside of school (leisure)

ENTUSE

− 0.04

1.08

− 0.06

1.03

− 0.02

0.98

0.05

1.06

 Use of ICT outside of school (for schoolwork activities)

HOMESCH

− 0.04

1.03

0.01

1.00

0.02

0.99

0.11

1.03

 ICT as a topic in social interaction

SOIAICT

–

–

–

–

0.08

0.96

0.09

0.97

 Subject-related ICT use outside of lessons

ICTOUTSIDE

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.04

1.04

ICT in School

 ICT available at school

ICTSCH

− 0.06

1.01

− 0.05

1.02

5.95^a

2.38^a

6.37^a

2.44

 Use of ICT at school in general

USESCH

− 0.01

1.00

− 0.03

1.00

− 0.05

0.99

0.01

1.04

 Subject-related ICT use during lessons

ICTCLASS

–

–

–

–

–

–

− 0.06

1.00

Attitude toward ICT

 Self-confidence in ICT high-level tasks

HIGHCONF

0.02

1.00

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Attitude towards computers (ATC)

ATTCOMP

0.02

0.99

–

–

–

–

–

–

 ATC: Limitations of the Computer as a Tool for School Learning

ICTATTNEG

–

–

0.06

0.99

–

–

–

–

 ATC: Computer as a Tool for School Learning

ICTATTPOS

–

–

0.01

0.99

–

–

–

–

 Interest in ICT

INTICT

–

–

–

–

0.03

0.98

0.01

1.00

 Perceived ICT competence

COMPICT

–

–

–

–

− 0.02

0.97

0.00

0.98

 Perceived autonomy related to ICT use

AUTICT

–

–

–

–

0.01

0.97

0.00

0.98

Student Ability (e.g., mean of all PVs)

 Student Mathematics Ability

PV1MATH to final PV

494.31

97.80

497.06

98.87

499.38

94.95

492.29

96.19

 Student Science Ability

PV1SCIE to final PV

499.25

96.54

501.01

94.24

502.96

94.55

490.32

95.56