Fig. 1
From: Is inequitable teacher sorting on the rise? Cross-national evidence from 20 years of TIMSS
Student exposure rates to novice and out-of-subject teachers from the most recent TIMSS cycle (2011–2019). Education systems’ most recent cycle is 2019 with the exception of Armenia (2015), Botswana (2015), Indonesia (2011), Slovenia (2015), Thailand (2015), and Tunisia (2011). Grey columns show teacher qualification gap magnitudes (the difference between low- and high-SES student exposure rates). n = 175,746