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Table 6 Total, direct and indirect effects of immigrant status on planning a career in science (0–1)
1. Immigrant (total effect) | 2. Immigrant (direct effect) Path C in Fig. 1c | 3. Immigrant (indirect effect) | 4. Indirect effect due to instrumental motivation | 5. Indirect effect due to enjoyment of science | 6. Instrumental motivation to study science Path D in Fig. 1c | 7. Enjoyment of science Path E in Fig. 1c | 8. % total effect explained | 9. % total effect explained in PISA 2006 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff | SE | Coeff | SE | Coeff | SE | Coeff | SE | Coeff | SE | Coeff | SE | Coeff | SE | % | % | |
Australia | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 32% | 37% |
Austria | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 25% | 27% |
Belgium | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 39% | 67% |
Canada | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.011 | 0.002 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 32% | 44% |
Denmark | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 23% | 34% |
France | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 37% | 48% |
Germany | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0% | 0% |
Great Britain | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 33% | 44% |
Greece | 0.00 | 0.02 | − 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | na | 44 |
Ireland | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 5% | 78% |
Israel | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | − 0.01 | 0.01 | − 0.01 | 0.01 | − 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | na | na |
Luxembourg | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 19% | 30% |
Netherlands | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.024 | 0.004 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 23% | 10% |
New Zealand | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 41% | 58% |
Norway | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 30% | 46% |
Spain | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 26% | 58% |
Sweden | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.033 | 0.005 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 27% | 49% |
Switzerland | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 14% | 26% |
United States | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 33% | 28% |