An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
From: Sampling weights in multilevel modelling: an investigation using PISA sampling structures
\({y}_{ij}\) | Student achievement, i.e., PISA competence (Math, Reading or Science) |
\({x}_{ij}\) | Student socio-economic status, i.e., the PISA Economic, Social and Cultural Index (ESCS) |
\({x}_{i}\) | The school’s socio-economic Index |
\({\beta }_{0}\) | Grand (i.e., overall) mean, intercept of the model |
\({\beta }_{1}\) | Fixed effect on student level |
\({\beta }_{2}\) | Fixed effect on school level |
\({\varepsilon }_{ij}\) | Residual |
\({\tau }_{i}\) | School random effect |