An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
 | Step 1 (comparison model across studies) | Step 2 (comparison model across cycles) | Step 3 | Combined model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | ||||
Student-level | 2011 | 2015 | 2011 | 2015 | 2011 | 2015 | 2011—2015 | |
Gender (male) | 9.2 (3.90)* | 5.4 (3.25) | 9.4 (3.62)* | 5.6 (3.28) | – | 6.0 (3.29) | 7.6 (2.5)* | |
Books at home (more than 100) | 29.9 (3.16)* | 34.6 (3.16)* | 22.0 (3.14)* | 26.4 (3.49)* | – | 26.3 (3.53)* | 24.0 (2.4)* | |
Language spoken at home (English/Irish) | 4.4 (4.83) | 11.1 (5.74) | 5.9 (4.99) | 9.0 (5.5) | – | − 9.0 (8.75) | 7.3 (3.3)* | |
Country of birth (Ireland) | – | – | – | – | – | − 31.0 (10.00)* | – | |
Parent education (third-level) | – | – | 26.8 (3.77)* | 32.2 (3.83)* | – | 32.8 (9.96)* | 29.4 (3.1)* | |
Year (2015) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14.8 (4.1) | |
School-level | ||||||||
Disadvantaged status (Disadvantaged) | − 28.8 (8.75)* | − 27.4 (6.98)* | − 21.8 (8.64)* | − 23.0 (6.56)* | – | − 23.8 (6.50)* | − 22.5 (5.5)* | |
Interactions | ||||||||
Language spoken at home*Country of birth | – | – | – | – | – | 29.3 (9.96)* |  | |
Intercept | 520.5 (5.36)* | 531.7 (6.13)* | 505.6 (5.59)* | 514.3 (6.30)* | – | 533.5 (8.63)* | 502.9 (4.5)* | |
Variance explained (R2) | ||||||||
Student-level | 5.1% | 6.6% | 8.5% | 11.0% | – | 11.5% | 11.0% | |
School-level | 15.7% | 29.6% | 9.9% | 25.8% | – | 26.7% | 14.7% | |
Overall | 6.6% | 8.2% | 8.7% | 11.9% | – | 12.4% | 11.3% |