Table 6 Early entrance and PISA Scores (Plausible Values)

Early (d)

− 6.6***

− 5.6**

− 10.3***

− 9.6***

− 10.7***

− 9.7***

9th grade (d)

− 38.6***

− 31.0***

− 40.7***

− 33.3***

− 36.8***

− 29.8***

Early * 9th grade

− 20.1

− 16.1

− 13.7

− 12.3

− 8.9

− 5.9

Male (d)

16.5***

17.6***

− 8.6***

− 8.3***

12.5***

12.3***

City size dummies (4)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Mother educ. dummies (6)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Mother does not work (d)

− 4.3

− 5.0**

− 8.6***

− 9.7***

− 6.9***

− 7.9***

Computer at home (d)

23.8***

20.6***

22.5***

19.1***

21.4***

18.7***

Internet at home (d)

0.3

0.5

3.3

4.2

− 0.6

0.7

Private school (d)

− 2.6

3.0

− 4.3

Computers/student

8.1

5.2

7.5

Teachers with masters (%)

66.0***

68.2***

64.3***

Students/teacher

− 0.2*

− 0.2

− 0.2

Class size

0.0

− 0.2

− 0.1

Shortage of material (i)

− 6.8***

− 5.0**

− 4.7**

Shortage of staff (i)

2.3

0.7

0.1

School size dummies (2)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Constant

376.5***

369.4***

395.5***

390.9***

391.1***

382.5***

Observations

6111

5824

6111

5824

6111

5824

F

21.11***

17.95***

24.66***

18.37***

22.48***

19.45***

R²

0.18

0.20

0.21

0.22

0.18

0.20