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Table 7 Weighted linear regression of the natural logarithm of the literacy score, Canadian-born individuals born between 1948 and 1974, Canada, 1994 IALS, 2003 ALL and 2012 PIAAC data combined (full model—with all control variables and alternating age, period and cohort variables)

From: Are large surveys of adult literacy skills as comparable over time as we think?

Variables

Native-born cohorts 1948–1974—full model 1994–2003–2012

Age-cohort (AC)

Age-period (AP)

Period-cohort (PC)

β ln(literacy score)

Age group

 25–34 years old (Ref. Cat.)

  

 16–24 years old

0.026

[0.014]

0.008

[0.015]

 35–44 years old

− 0.033**

[0.011]

− 0.005

[0.010]

 45–54 years old

− 0.082***

[0.014]

− 0.024*

[0.010]

 55–64 years old

− 0.122***

[0.019]

− 0.027*

[0.012]

Cohort (birth year)

 1966–1974 (Ref. Cat.)

   

 1948–1956

0.052**

[0.015]

− 0.018*

[0.007]

 1957–1965

0.020*

[0.007]

− 0.014**

[0.005]

Period (survey year)

 2012 (Ref. Cat.)

   

 1994

0.069***

[0.014]

0.088***

[0.010]

 2003

0.044***

[0.005]

0.052***

[0.004]

Constant

5.731***

[0.010]

5.680***

[0.012]

5.670***

[0.008]

Sample size (n)

23,033

23,033

23,033

Adjusted R2

0.335

0.340

0.340

  1. ***p ≤ 0.001; **p ≤ 0.01; *p ≤ 0.05; p ≤ 0.1. Robust standard errors in brackets
  2. The regressions also include many other variables whose coefficients are not shown in the table: sex, province of residence, type of region (urban/rural), level of education, knowledge and use of official languages, mother’s level of education, practice of literacy activities at home, use of writing skills at work (and labour market participation status), and immigration status