Table 3 Unweighted effect sizes and descriptive statistics for “Liking Mathematics” for fourth graders

Saudi Arabia

0.43

10.71

1.76

Oman

0.27

11.21

1.61

Bahrain

0.17

10.55

1.81

Morocco

0.16

11

1.62

Indonesia

0.12

10.83

1.47

Kuwait

0.12

10.39

1.83

Qatar

0.11

10.27

1.81

United Arab Emirates

0.07

10.43

1.77

Serbia

0.06

10.13

1.98

Kazakhstan

0.05

11.03

1.53

Turkey

0.05

11.34

1.53

Norway

0.04

10.3

1.91

Ireland

0.03

9.62

1.88

Iran

0.03

10.79

1.65

Chile

0.02

9.99

1.92

Cyprus

0

10.26

2.1

Bulgaria

− 0.02

10.35

1.87

Georgia

− 0.03

10.48

1.53

Denmark

− 0.03

9.58

1.7

Sweden

− 0.05

9.47

1.79

United States

− 0.06

9.66

2.02

Poland

− 0.08

9.35

1.73

Croatia

− 0.08

9.23

1.78

Netherlands

− 0.08

9.27

1.84

Russian Federation

− 0.11

10.12

1.63

Czech Republic

− 0.11

9.38

1.85

Slovenia

− 0.11

9.32

1.96

New Zealand

− 0.11

9.71

1.97

Slovak Republic

− 0.13

9.64

1.86

Finland

− 0.14

9.05

1.78

Singapore

− 0.15

9.51

1.81

Japan

− 0.15

9.12

1.71

Northern Ireland

− 0.16

9.32

1.88

Hungary

− 0.16

9.52

1.91

Canada

− 0.18

9.43

1.91

Korea Republic of

− 0.2

8.79

1.65

Australia

− 0.2

9.34

1.94

Argentina

− 0.21

9.78

1.98

Spain

− 0.24

9.69

1.84

Italy

− 0.24

9.83

1.84

Belgium

− 0.25

9.01

1.83

Lithuania

− 0.26

9.97

1.72

Chinese Taipei

− 0.27

8.67

2

England

− 0.27

9.84

1.85

Germany

− 0.27

9.27

2

Portugal

− 0.29

10.34

1.76

Hong Kong

− 0.33

9.14

1.94

France

− 0.38

9.77

1.71