Fig. 4

Changes in gender gaps in mathematics achievement in grades four and eight in the group of the 20% highest achieving and the group of 20% lowest achieving students between 1995 and 2015. Example description of upper left pie chart (grade 4, upper 20% of distribution of math achievement): In five countries, a gender gap remained; in seven countries, a gender gap opened, i.e., developed where there was none before; in six countries, the gender gap closed or there is none in 2015 and there has not been a gap in 1995 neither