Table 3 Relationship between PISA mathematics score and student and school characteristics

First-generation

− 27.5 (11.4)**

3.4 (9.1)

− 19.6 (10.0)*

− 1.1 (9.7)

Second-generation

− 2.6 (8.1)

9.5 (5.4)*

5.9 (7.2)

7.7 (6.3)

Student characteristics

 Female

− 11.9 (3.1)***

− 12.5 (2.9)***

 Black

− 71.4 (6.9)***

− 65.4 (6.6)***

 Hispanic

− 19.3 (5.9)***

− 19.7 (5.4)***

 Asian

47.9 (10.4)***

39.7 (8.5)***

 Multiracial or other race

− 21.0 (8.1)***

− 16.1 (6.0)***

 Parental education—high school and some college

13.9 (6.1)**

7.5 (5.7)

 Parental education—college degree

47.1 (6.7)***

35.6 (6.7)***

 Wealth

4.2 (1.7)**

2.6 (1.6)

 Language other than English

− 21.6 (5.7)***

− 17.9 (5.5)***

 Grades 8–9

− 65.8 (5.3)***

− 60.2 (5.4)***

 Grades 11–12

29.6 (3.8)***

29.3 (3.7)***

School characteristics

 Public school

22.0 (11.3)**

28.5 (11.1)**

 Urban school

13.5 (8.0)*

17.0 (7.1)***

 Suburban school

9.1 (7.3)

11.9 (6.0)**

 Share of FRL eligible students greater than 75%

− 51.4 (8.1)***

− 24.5 (6.7)***

 School size

0.01 (0.005)**

0.01 (0.003)**

 Class size

− 0.4 (0.6)

− 0.9 (0.4)*

 Student–mathematics teacher ratio

− 0.10 (0.07)

− 0.08 (0.05)

 No mathematics teacher shortage

− 2.0 (6.0)

− 1.7 (4.8)

 Share of mathematics teachers with a bachelor or masters degree in mathematics

7.8 (8.7)

6.2 (6.2)

 Share of dropouts greater than 10%

− 15.8 (6.6)**

− 4.8 (5.1)

 Student-related aspects of school climate

4.8 (0.9)***

3.4 (0.7)***

 Constant

491.7 (4.2)***

481.2 (6.5)***

364.7 (30.9) ***

397.0 (25.0)***

 N (weighted)

3700 (2,607,686)

3700 (2,607,686)

3700 (2,607,686)

3700 (2,607,686)

 R-square

0.006

0.27

0.13

0.31