Skip to main content
Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IEA-ETS Research Institute Journal

Table 2 Variance ratios, confidence intervals and heterogeneity statistics for countries in the domain of reading

From: Sex differences in variability across nations in reading, mathematics and science: a meta-analytic extension of Baye and Monseur (2016)

Country k VR LCI UCI p Q p (Q) Below (sig) (%) Below (nsig) (%) Above (nsig) (%) Above (sig) (%)
Albania 4 1.17 1.04 1.32 0.01 24.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 75.00
Algeria 1 0.96 0.89 1.04 0.32 0.00 1.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Argentina 7 1.22 1.08 1.39 0.00 68.47 0.00 0.00 14.29 14.29 71.43
Australia 7 1.20 1.15 1.26 0.00 27.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Austria 8 1.15 1.09 1.20 0.00 24.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.50 87.50
Azerbaijan 3 1.20 1.00 1.43 0.05 32.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.33 66.67
Belgium 12 1.16 1.12 1.20 0.00 30.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 75.00
Belize 1 0.97 0.88 1.07 0.55 0.00 1.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Botswana 1 1.19 1.09 1.28 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Brazil 6 1.17 1.13 1.21 0.00 7.89 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Bulgaria 8 1.14 1.07 1.22 0.00 27.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 75.00
Canada 18 1.11 1.05 1.15 0.00 173.05 0.00 0.00 11.11 38.89 50.00
Chile 5 1.13 1.07 1.19 0.00 11.13 0.03 0.00 0.00 20.00 80.00
China 23 1.20 1.16 1.25 0.00 123.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.70 91.30
αTaipei 6 1.15 1.09 1.22 0.00 23.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.67 83.33
αMacao 5 1.23 1.12 1.36 0.00 28.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
αHong Kong 9 1.25 1.19 1.31 0.00 19.90 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
αShanghai 2 1.21 1.12 1.31 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Colombia 6 1.07 1.01 1.14 0.03 24.20 0.00 0.00 16.67 33.33 50.00
Costa Rica 3 1.09 1.03 1.17 0.01 8.07 0.02 0.00 0.00 33.33 66.67
Croatia 5 1.16 1.12 1.20 0.00 3.59 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Cyprus 1 1.07 0.97 1.19 0.16 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
Czech Republic 8 1.15 1.11 1.20 0.00 13.88 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Denmark 8 1.08 1.05 1.12 0.00 8.99 0.25 0.00 0.00 25.00 75.00
Dominican Republic 1 1.11 1.02 1.20 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Estonia 4 1.13 1.07 1.17 0.00 4.17 0.24 0.00 0.00 25.00 75.00
Finland 7 1.16 1.07 1.25 0.00 31.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.57 71.43
France 9 1.16 1.09 1.23 0.00 31.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.33 66.67
Georgia 4 1.14 1.08 1.20 0.00 4.12 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Germany 9 1.14 1.07 1.21 0.00 39.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.33 66.67
Greece 7 1.30 1.17 1.43 0.00 42.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Honduras 1 1.04 0.94 1.15 0.42 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
Hungary 9 1.14 1.08 1.20 0.00 25.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.22 77.78
Iceland 9 1.20 1.12 1.28 0.00 23.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.22 77.78
India 2 1.34 1.20 1.48 0.00 0.88 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Indonesia 8 1.09 1.03 1.16 0.00 26.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.50 62.50
Iran 3 1.03 0.98 1.07 0.22 0.56 0.76 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
Ireland 7 1.20 1.13 1.28 0.00 19.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.29 85.71
Israel 8 1.14 1.03 1.27 0.01 71.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.50 62.50
Italy 28 1.26 1.19 1.34 0.00 166.89 0.00 0.00 3.57 10.71 85.71
Japan 6 1.27 1.19 1.36 0.00 19.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Jordan 4 1.38 1.17 1.60 0.00 45.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Kazakhstan 2 1.32 1.19 1.48 0.00 1.07 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Korea 6 1.25 1.17 1.32 0.00 12.56 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Kosovo 1 1.17 1.08 1.27 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Kuwait 3 1.13 1.01 1.27 0.03 10.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.33 66.67
Kyrgyzstan 2 1.21 1.14 1.27 0.00 0.03 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Latvia 8 1.15 1.09 1.21 0.00 21.44 0.00 0.00 12.50 0.00 87.50
Lebanon 1 1.13 1.04 1.22 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Liechtenstein 5 1.23 1.16 1.31 0.00 4.31 0.37 0.00 20.00 20.00 60.00
Lithuania 7 1.12 1.06 1.17 0.00 16.22 0.01 0.00 0.00 28.57 71.43
Luxembourg 7 1.19 1.11 1.26 0.00 26.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.29 85.71
Macedonia 3 1.02 0.96 1.08 0.55 2.48 0.29 0.00 33.33 33.33 33.33
Malaysia 2 1.22 1.13 1.31 0.00 1.56 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Malta 4 1.14 1.09 1.20 0.00 1.22 0.75 0.00 0.00 25.00 75.00
Mauritius 1 1.06 0.98 1.15 0.13 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
Mexico 6 1.22 1.13 1.34 0.00 52.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.67 83.33
Miranda-Venezuela 1 1.11 1.02 1.20 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Moldova 4 1.15 1.06 1.26 0.00 10.64 0.01 0.00 0.00 25.00 75.00
Montenegro 4 1.25 1.14 1.36 0.00 14.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Morocco 4 1.11 1.01 1.22 0.03 18.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 75.00
Netherlands 9 1.12 1.04 1.21 0.00 71.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.44 55.56
New Zealand 9 1.20 1.15 1.25 0.00 17.58 0.02 0.00 0.00 11.11 88.89
Norway 10 1.19 1.12 1.26 0.00 40.06 0.00 0.00 10.00 10.00 80.00
Oman 1 1.27 1.20 1.35 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Panama 1 1.14 1.05 1.23 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Peru 4 1.12 1.00 1.26 0.05 24.39 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 75.00
Poland 8 1.21 1.14 1.30 0.00 32.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.50 87.50
Portugal 7 1.30 1.17 1.42 0.00 51.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.29 85.71
Qatar 6 1.23 1.15 1.31 0.00 32.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Romania 8 1.19 1.02 1.38 0.03 198.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.50 62.50
Russia 10 1.15 1.07 1.23 0.00 71.15 0.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 70.00
Saudi Arabia 1 1.75 1.62 1.90 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Serbia 3 1.22 1.03 1.45 0.02 28.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Singapore 6 1.16 1.12 1.20 0.00 4.03 0.54 0.00 16.67 0.00 83.33
Slovak Republic 8 1.14 1.09 1.19 0.00 24.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.50 62.50
Slovenia 7 1.23 1.14 1.32 0.00 37.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
South Africa 2 1.03 0.92 1.14 0.64 4.17 0.04 0.00 50.00 50.00 0.00
Spain 51 1.21 1.17 1.25 0.00 378.02 0.00 3.92 5.88 5.88 84.31
Sweden 10 1.11 1.06 1.16 0.00 22.19 0.01 0.00 10.00 20.00 70.00
Switzerland 6 1.13 1.09 1.16 0.00 3.26 0.66 0.00 0.00 16.67 83.33
Thailand 6 1.23 1.14 1.32 0.00 27.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Trinidad and Tobago 4 1.13 1.07 1.19 0.00 3.28 0.35 0.00 0.00 25.00 75.00
Tunisia 5 1.15 1.06 1.25 0.00 20.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 80.00
Turkey 6 1.16 1.08 1.26 0.00 27.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.67 83.33
UAE 9 1.27 1.21 1.32 0.00 38.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
United Kingdom 16 1.15 1.09 1.21 0.00 97.27 0.00 0.00 6.25 25.00 68.75
Englanda 3 1.04 0.95 1.13 0.00 4.85 0.09 0.00 25.00 25.00 50.00
Scotlanda 6 1.17 1.08 1.27 0.00 23.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.33 66.67
Northern Irelanda 1 1.07 0.97 1.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
United States 11 1.15 1.12 1.19 0.00 13.11 0.22 0.00 0.00 27.27 72.73
Uruguay 5 1.22 1.16 1.27 0.00 6.43 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Viet Nam 2 1.17 1.11 1.25 0.00 0.13 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Yugoslavia 1 1.32 1.22 1.43 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Overall 564 1.16 1.15 1.16 0.00 3650.87 0.00 0.35 3.55 17.02 79.08
  1. aNations of the UK administered separately/α Chinese districts administered separately
Back to article page