An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
From: Socio-economic gaps in subject interest: the mediating role of parental cognitive involvement
 | (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | (e) | (f) | (g) | (h) | (i) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.08 | − 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.11 | 1 | − 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.06 | − 0.02 | − 0.04 | − 0.02 | − 0.03 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.11 | − 0.01 | 1 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.39 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 1 | 0.66 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.26 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.66 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.24 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | − 0.03 | − 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.15 | − 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.51 | 0.38 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.16 | − 0.02 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 1 | 0.67 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.19 | − 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.38 | 0.67 | 1 |
Azerbaijan | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.21 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.07 | − 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.07 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.20 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.59 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.24 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.59 | 1 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.21 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.00 | − 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.28 | 0.21 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.28 | 1 | 0.56 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.56 | 1 |
Canada (Quebec) | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.16 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.10 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.19 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 1 | 0.66 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.26 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.66 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.22 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.41 | 0.26 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 1 | 0.52 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.52 | 1 |
Chinese Taipei | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.21 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.17 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.41 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.24 | 1 | 0.70 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.35 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.70 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.31 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.38 | 0.32 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.38 | 1 | 0.69 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.32 | 0.69 | 1 |
Croatia | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.04 | − 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.24 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.04 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.31 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.65 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.24 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.65 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.20 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | − 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.41 | 0.29 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.41 | 1 | 0.64 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.64 | 1 |
Czech Republic | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.05 | − 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.17 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.17 | 1 | − 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.05 | − 0.01 | − 0.01 | − 0.02 | 0.00 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.10 | − 0.02 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.37 | 0.32 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.58 | − 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.18 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.58 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.14 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | − 0.03 | − 0.01 | 0.12 | − 0.03 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.17 | − 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.44 | 0.38 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.11 | − 0.02 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.44 | 1 | 0.63 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.38 | 0.63 | 1 |
Finland | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.06 | − 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.17 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.09 | − 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.12 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.27 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.66 | − 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.24 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.66 | 1 | − 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.22 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | − 0.05 | − 0.04 | 0.08 | − 0.03 | − 0.02 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.05 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.42 | 0.30 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 1 | 0.55 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.22 | − 0.05 | 0.30 | 0.55 | 1 |
Georgia | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.27 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.04 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.33 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.65 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.19 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.65 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.24 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.30 | 0.27 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 1 | 0.62 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.62 | 1 |
Hong Kong | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.19 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.13 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.00 | − 0.01 | 0.00 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.09 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 1 | 0.68 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.29 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.68 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.25 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.30 | 0.26 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.14 | − 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 1 | 0.59 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.59 | 1 |
Hungary | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.21 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
  Family SES (c) | 0.11 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.49 | 0.46 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.57 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.20 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.57 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.24 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.41 | 0.37 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.49 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.41 | 1 | 0.69 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.46 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.37 | 0.69 | 1 |
Iran | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.35 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.10 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.26 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.67 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.17 | 0.22 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.67 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.21 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.14 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.27 | 0.22 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.46 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.46 | 1 |
Ireland | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.22 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.17 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 | − 0.02 | − 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.14 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.30 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.70 | 0.06 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.31 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.70 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.25 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.01 | − 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.18 | − 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.46 | 0.33 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.46 | 1 | 0.60 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.60 | 1 |
Italy | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.03 | − 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.15 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.15 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | − 0.02 | − 0.05 | − 0.01 | 0.01 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.07 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.42 | 0.30 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 1 | 0.58 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.26 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.58 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.18 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | − 0.02 | − 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.11 | − 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.46 | 0.35 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.09 | − 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.46 | 1 | 0.60 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.60 | 1 |
Lithuania | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.18 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.13 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.01 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.01 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.06 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.60 | − 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.20 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.60 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.14 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.16 | − 0.02 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.10 | − 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.34 | 0.29 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 1 | 0.61 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.18 | − 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.61 | 1 |
Malta | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.13 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.22 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.06 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.23 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 1 | 0.66 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.29 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.66 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.23 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1 | − 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.35 | 0.26 | − 0.01 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.22 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 1 | 0.50 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.50 | 1 |
Norway | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.01 | − 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.19 | 1 | 0.04 | − 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | − 0.03 | − 0.02 | − 0.01 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.08 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.30 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.12 | − 0.01 | 0.20 | 1 | 0.67 | − 0.01 | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.30 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.67 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.24 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | − 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.20 | − 0.01 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.10 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.14 | − 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.45 | 0.35 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.12 | − 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.45 | 1 | 0.63 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.11 | − 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.63 | 1 |
Poland | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.08 | − 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.15 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.21 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | − 0.03 | − 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.12 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.40 | 0.38 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 1 | 0.63 | 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.30 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.63 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.22 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | − 0.01 | − 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.14 | − 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.41 | 0.33 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.41 | 1 | 0.63 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.33 | 0.63 | 1 |
Portugal | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.13 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.22 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.09 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.44 | 0.39 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 1 | 0.69 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.30 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.69 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.26 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.10 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.36 | 0.29 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.36 | 1 | 0.59 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.29 | 0.59 | 1 |
Romania | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.11 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.31 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.09 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.43 | 0.37 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.75 | 0.27 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.29 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.75 | 1 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.28 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 1 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.30 | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 1 | 0.42 | 0.37 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.42 | 1 | 0.67 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.67 | 1 |
Russian Federation | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.07 | − 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.11 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.22 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | − 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.01 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.23 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.68 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.23 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.68 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.24 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | − 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 1 | − 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.13 | − 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.23 | − 0.01 | 1 | 0.34 | 0.27 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 1 | 0.61 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.61 | 1 |
Singapore | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.16 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.09 | 1 | 0.03 | − 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 | − 0.03 | − 0.03 | − 0.03 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.11 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.23 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.18 | − 0.03 | 0.21 | 1 | 0.74 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.23 | 0.24 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.74 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.19 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.12 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.19 | − 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.25 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.12 | − 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 1 | 0.52 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.16 | − 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 1 |
Slovak Republic | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.16 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.19 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.08 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.37 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.62 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.22 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.62 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.18 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.38 | 0.31 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.38 | 1 | 0.63 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.63 | 1 |
Slovenia | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.22 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.00 | − 0.01 | − 0.02 | − 0.01 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.07 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.37 | 0.39 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 1 | 0.67 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.26 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.67 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.24 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.15 | − 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.37 | 0.35 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.09 | − 0.02 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 1 | 0.63 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.12 | − 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.63 | 1 |
Spain | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.20 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.11 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.36 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.66 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.25 | 0.27 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.66 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.23 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.45 | 0.33 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.45 | 1 | 0.61 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.33 | 0.61 | 1 |
Sweden | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.17 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.18 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 | − 0.02 | 0.01 | − 0.02 | − 0.01 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.12 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.30 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 1 | 0.71 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.27 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.71 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.18 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.03 | − 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.47 | 0.33 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.13 | − 0.02 | 0.37 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.47 | 1 | 0.60 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.17 | − 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.33 | 0.60 | 1 |
United Arab Emirates | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.13 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.27 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.09 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.16 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.65 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.24 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.65 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.20 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.34 | 0.26 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 1 | 0.55 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.55 | 1 |
Abu Dhabi | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.29 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.09 | − 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.11 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.29 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.10 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.16 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 1 | 0.64 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.17 | 0.21 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.64 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.19 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | − 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.34 | 0.25 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.34 | 1 | 0.53 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.53 | 1 |
Dubai | |||||||||
 Student reading interest (a) | 1 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.17 |
 Student mathematics interest (b) | 0.24 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
 Family SES (c) | 0.09 | 0.06 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.15 |
 Parental literacy cognitive involvement (d) | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.66 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.27 |
 Parental numeracy cognitive involvement (e) | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.66 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.22 |
 Pre-school attendance (f) | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
 Parents like reading scale (g) | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.35 | 0.28 |
 Number of books at home (h) | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.35 | 1 | 0.57 |
 Number of children books at home (i) | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.57 | 1 |