How long is the shadow? The relationships of family background to selected adult outcomes: results from PIAAC

Braun, Henry

doi:10.1186/s40536-018-0058-x

Variable	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Variable	B	Sig.	B	Sig.	B	Sig.
AUT
Basic demo
Female	− 0.76	0.00	− 0.66	0.00	− 0.70	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.00	0.00	− 1.18	0.00	− 1.27	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.07	0.62	− 0.16	0.26	− 0.14	0.32
ParEd = below HS	− 0.53	0.00	− 0.25	0.18	− 0.06	0.78
ParEd = HS	− 0.17	0.23	− 0.06	0.66	0.08	0.57
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.97	0.00	− 0.52	0.01	− 0.31	0.10
26–100 books at home	− 0.54	0.00	− 0.32	0.02	− 0.22	0.11
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.74	0.00	0.57	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 1.93	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.13	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.49	0.00
Reference group	1.35	0.00	1.06	0.00	1.79	0.00
Observation	1851		1851		1851

BEL
Basic demo
Female	− 0.82	0.00	− 0.73	0.00	− 0.95	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.55	0.00	− 1.81	0.00	− 1.97	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.51	0.00	− 0.63	0.00	− 0.68	0.00
ParEd = below HS	− 0.77	0.00	− 0.39	0.02	0.03	0.88
ParEd = HS	− 0.44	0.00	− 0.26	0.09	− 0.01	0.96
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.63	0.00	− 0.33	0.05	− 0.18	0.33
26–100 books at home	− 0.01	0.93	0.10	0.50	0.14	0.39
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.84	0.00	0.48	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 2.44	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.96	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 1.26	0.00
Reference group	0.39	0.01	− 0.16	0.28	1.03	0.00
Observation	1739		1739		1739

CZE
Basic demo
Female	− 1.19	0.00	− 1.16	0.00	− 1.27	0.00
Age 25–34	0.27	0.29	0.12	0.64	0.13	0.61
Age 35–44	0.36	0.15	0.30	0.23	0.30	0.26
ParEd = below HS	− 1.45	0.00	− 1.22	0.00	− 0.82	0.01
ParEd = HS	− 0.86	0.00	− 0.74	0.00	− 0.46	0.02
≤ 25 books at home	− 1.14	0.00	− 0.80	0.05	− 0.70	0.08
26–100 books at home	− 0.42	0.04	− 0.30	0.13	− 0.17	0.40
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.39	0.00	0.21	0.09
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 1.35	0.02
EDATT = HS					− 0.99	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.30	0.38
Reference group	− 0.06	0.81	− 0.22	0.41	0.28	0.32
Observation	1808		1808		1807

DEN
Basic demo
Female	− 0.93	0.00	− 0.90	0.00	− 1.13	0.00
Age 25–34	− 0.93	0.00	− 1.16	0.00	− 1.43	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.09	0.50	− 0.24	0.09	− 0.30	0.04
ParEd = below HS	− 0.47	0.00	− 0.25	0.12	0.01	0.95
ParEd = HS	− 0.31	0.02	− 0.09	0.51	0.18	0.27
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.77	0.00	− 0.39	0.02	− 0.21	0.23
26–100 books at home	− 0.73	0.00	− 0.55	0.00	− 0.40	0.00
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.93	0.00	0.66	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 2.13	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.68	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 1.19	0.00
Reference group	0.34	0.01	− 0.12	0.44	1.04	0.00
Observation	2478		2478		2476

DEU
Basic demo
Female	− 0.94	0.00	− 0.88	0.00	− 1.09	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.14	0.00	− 1.38	0.00	− 1.44	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.09	0.48	− 0.29	0.04	− 0.20	0.17
ParEd = below HS	− 1.46	0.00	− 0.96	0.01	− 0.57	0.12
ParEd = HS	− 0.39	0.00	− 0.25	0.04	0.07	0.60
≤ 25 books at home	− 1.05	0.00	− 0.37	0.06	− 0.14	0.52
26–100 books at home	− 0.50	0.00	− 0.27	0.07	− 0.10	0.53
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			1.08	0.00	0.76	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 2.51	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.80	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 1.37	0.00
Reference group	0.63	0.00	0.16	0.30	1.19	0.00
Observation	1696		1696		1696

ESP
Basic demo
Female	− 0.59	0.00	− 0.47	0.00	− 0.90	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.08	0.00	− 1.09	0.00	− 1.07	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.34	0.01	− 0.42	0.00	− 0.43	0.00
ParEd = below HS	− 0.50	0.01	− 0.30	0.12	0.13	0.53
ParEd = HS	0.01	0.95	0.15	0.45	0.41	0.07
≤ 25 books at home	− 1.02	0.00	− 0.53	0.01	− 0.31	0.14
26–100 books at home	− 0.37	0.02	− 0.23	0.17	− 0.24	0.17
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.81	0.00	0.42	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 2.06	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.48	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.96	0.00
Reference group	0.62	0.00	− 0.05	0.80	0.84	0.00
Observation	1790		1790		1789

EST
Basic demo
Female	− 1.36	0.00	− 1.34	0.00	− 1.56	0.00
Age 25–34	0.33	0.00	0.26	0.03	0.41	0.00
Age 35–44	0.14	0.26	0.13	0.27	0.22	0.07
ParEd = below HS	− 0.87	0.00	− 0.74	0.00	− 0.48	0.00
ParEd = HS	− 0.60	0.00	− 0.50	0.00	− 0.37	0.00
≤ 25 books at home	− 1.00	0.00	− 0.68	0.01	− 0.64	0.01
26–100 books at home	− 0.52	0.00	− 0.34	0.01	− 0.30	0.02
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.45	0.00	0.28	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = Below HS					− 1.09	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.13	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.82	0.00
Reference group	0.54	0.00	0.33	0.02	0.96	0.00
Observation	2562		2562		2561

FIN
Basic demo
Female	− 1.22	0.00	− 1.22	0.00	− 1.55	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.38	0.00	− 1.58	0.00	− 1.72	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.30	0.02	− 0.36	0.00	− 0.45	0.00
ParEd = below HS	− 0.31	0.04	− 0.14	0.39	0.17	0.29
ParEd = HS	− 0.19	0.15	− 0.06	0.67	0.18	0.21
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.82	0.00	− 0.51	0.01	− 0.32	0.10
26–100 books at home	− 0.35	0.00	− 0.23	0.05	− 0.13	0.27
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.61	0.00	0.36	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 1.77	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.59	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.99	0.00
Reference group	0.39	0.01	0.17	0.26	0.94	0.00
Observation	2154		2154		2154

FRA
Basic demo
Female	− 0.62	0.00	− 0.59	0.00	− 0.87	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.20	0.00	− 1.53	0.00	− 1.78	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.48	0.00	− 0.66	0.00	− 0.86	0.00
ParEd = below HS	− 0.89	0.00	− 0.49	0.00	− 0.04	0.79
ParEd = HS	− 0.73	0.00	− 0.48	0.00	− 0.13	0.37
≤ 25 books at home	− 1.01	0.00	− 0.52	0.00	− 0.37	0.06
26–100 books at home	− 0.40	0.00	− 0.27	0.04	− 0.18	0.16
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.93	0.00	0.56	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 2.15	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.80	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.63	0.00
Reference group	0.54	0.00	− 0.05	0.77	0.97	0.00
Observation	2180		2180		2179

GBR
Basic demo
Female	− 0.61	0.00	− 0.52	0.00	− 0.65	0.00
Age 25–34	− 0.84	0.00	− 0.96	0.00	− 1.10	0.00
Age 35–44	0.11	0.48	0.05	0.78	0.03	0.85
ParEd = below HS	− 1.25	0.00	− 0.87	0.00	− 0.64	0.01
ParEd = HS	− 0.75	0.00	− 0.67	0.00	− 0.44	0.02
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.06	0.76	0.38	0.07	0.40	0.06
26–100 books at home	− 0.04	0.79	0.13	0.33	0.19	0.17
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.74	0.00	0.60	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 1.18	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.14	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.93	0.00
Reference group	0.68	0.00	0.14	0.48	0.74	0.00
Observation	2581		2581		2574

IRL
Basic demo
Female	− 0.19	0.07	− 0.07	0.55	− 0.31	0.01
Age 25–34	− 1.00	0.00	− 1.16	0.00	− 1.35	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.02	0.89	− 0.13	0.39	− 0.19	0.24
ParEd = below HS	− 0.62	0.00	− 0.45	0.00	− 0.17	0.17
ParEd = HS	− 0.32	0.01	− 0.25	0.07	− 0.04	0.79
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.26	0.14	0.22	0.27	0.39	0.05
26–100 books at home	− 0.13	0.35	0.01	0.97	0.09	0.55
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)	0.94	0.00	0.52	0.00	1.37	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 1.51	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.43	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 1.21	0.00
Reference group	0.94	0.00	0.52	0.00	1.37	0.00
Observation	1892		1892		1892

ITA
Basic demo
Female	− 0.74	0.00	− 0.72	0.00	− 0.94	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.34	0.00	− 1.44	0.00	− 1.60	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.48	0.00	− 0.50	0.00	− 0.51	0.00
ParEd = below HS	− 0.77	0.01	− 0.59	0.05	− 0.15	0.65
ParEd = HS	− 0.41	0.15	− 0.36	0.22	− 0.05	0.88
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.87	0.00	− 0.58	0.00	− 0.33	0.14
26–100 books at home	− 0.57	0.00	− 0.47	0.01	− 0.34	0.07
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.46	0.00	0.37	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 1.28	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.08	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.88	0.10
Reference group	0.78	0.00	0.43	0.15	0.95	0.00
Observation	1577		1577		1577

JPN
Basic demo
Female	− 1.64	0.00	− 1.62	0.00	− 1.53	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.88	0.00	− 2.05	0.00	− 2.05	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.53	0.00	− 0.64	0.00	− 0.61	0.00
ParEd = below HS	− 0.45	0.03	− 0.34	0.10	− 0.12	0.54
ParEd = HS	− 0.41	0.00	− 0.35	0.01	− 0.20	0.19
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.97	0.00	− 0.73	0.00	− 0.62	0.00
26–100 books at home	− 0.64	0.00	− 0.51	0.00	− 0.47	0.00
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.51	0.00	0.39	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 0.61	0.10
EDATT = HS					− 0.84	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.77	0.00
Reference group	1.63	0.00	1.46	0.00	1.79	0.00
Observation	1812		1812		1811

KOR
Basic demo
Female	− 1.27	0.00	− 1.18	0.00	− 1.09	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.72	0.00	− 2.01	0.00	− 2.13	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.19	0.12	− 0.39	0.00	− 0.48	0.00
ParEd = Below HS	− 0.82	0.00	− 0.64	0.00	− 0.46	0.00
ParEd = HS	− 0.19	0.22	− 0.08	0.62	0.00	0.99
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.46	0.01	− 0.18	0.30	0.07	0.70
26–100 books at home	− 0.14	0.34	− 0.01	0.96	0.06	0.71
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.56	0.00	0.37	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 1.97	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 0.90	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.61	0.00
Reference group	0.33	0.08	0.07	0.71	0.51	0.02
Observation	2707		2707		2707

NLD
Basic demo
Female	− 1.02	0.00	− 0.95	0.00	− 1.19	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.49	0.00	− 1.80	0.00	− 1.84	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.14	0.33	− 0.34	0.03	− 0.32	0.05
ParEd = below HS	− 0.60	0.00	− 0.45	0.01	− 0.10	0.62
ParEd = HS	− 0.19	0.28	− 0.18	0.31	0.03	0.88
≤ 25 Books at Home	− 0.76	0.00	− 0.25	0.16	− 0.10	0.57
26–100 books at home	− 0.47	0.00	− 0.26	0.09	− 0.20	0.20
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.90	0.00	0.64	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 1.62	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.35	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.09	0.79
Reference group	1.21	0.00	0.89	0.00	1.53	0.00
Observation	1384		1384		1384

NOR
Basic demo
Female	− 1.16	0.00	− 1.10	0.00	− 1.30	0.00
Age 25–34	− 1.04	0.00	− 1.14	0.00	− 1.10	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.08	0.49	− 0.19	0.11	− 0.20	0.09
ParEd = below HS	− 0.65	0.00	− 0.43	0.00	− 0.20	0.17
ParEd = HS	− 0.39	0.00	− 0.28	0.01	− 0.16	0.16
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.86	0.00	− 0.31	0.11	− 0.23	0.23
26–100 books at home	− 0.34	0.00	− 0.08	0.50	− 0.03	0.83
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.86	0.00	0.68	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 1.12	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 0.94	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.17	0.20
Reference group	0.41	0.00	0.04	0.74	0.42	0.00
Observation	2154		2154		2153

POL
Basic demo
Female	− 0.92	0.00	− 0.92	0.00	− 1.10	0.00
Age 25–34	− 0.24	0.27	− 0.35	0.13	− 0.46	0.06
Age 35–44	− 0.21	0.34	− 0.26	0.24	− 0.30	0.19
ParEd = below HS	− 1.18	0.00	− 0.96	0.01	− 0.73	0.06
ParEd = HS	− 0.35	0.10	− 0.19	0.36	0.01	0.97
≤ 25 books at home	− 1.47	0.00	− 1.05	0.00	− 0.81	0.00
26–100 books at home	− 0.62	0.00	− 0.43	0.03	− 0.33	0.10
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.59	0.00	0.45	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					0.04	0.94
EDATT = HS					− 1.06	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.51	0.11
Reference group	− 0.77	0.00	− 0.77	0.00	− 0.41	0.16
Observation	2061		2061		2061

SVK
Basic demo
Female	− 1.41	0.00	− 1.36	0.00	− 1.48	0.00
Age 25–34	− 0.21	0.54	− 0.25	0.47	− 0.24	0.49
Age 35–44	0.08	0.80	0.02	0.94	0.08	0.80
ParEd = below HS	− 0.70	0.24	− 0.34	0.57	0.20	0.74
ParEd = HS	− 0.37	0.29	− 0.20	0.57	0.19	0.58
≤ 25 books at home	− 1.10	0.03	− 0.68	0.18	− 0.26	0.61
26–100 books at home	− 0.55	0.05	− 0.37	0.16	− 0.12	0.63
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.73	0.00	0.56	0.01
Education Attainment
EDATT = Below HS					− 2.61	0.00
EDATT = HS (or some college)					− 1.34	0.00
Reference group	− 1.90	0.00	− 2.55	0.00	− 2.15	0.00
Observation	2066		2066		2066

SWE
Basic demo
Female	− 0.84	0.00	− 0.85	0.00	− 1.02	0.00
Age 25–34	− 0.86	0.00	− 1.01	0.00	− 1.01	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.20	0.11	− 0.27	0.05	− 0.26	0.07
ParEd = below HS	− 0.54	0.00	− 0.37	0.01	− 0.18	0.24
ParEd = HS	− 0.22	0.10	− 0.15	0.27	− 0.04	0.75
≤ 25 books at Home	− 0.97	0.00	− 0.40	0.07	− 0.37	0.09
26–100 books at home	− 0.70	0.00	− 0.36	0.01	− 0.26	0.05
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.78	0.00	0.57	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 1.10	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 0.88	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 0.11	0.50
Reference group	0.83	0.00	0.53	0.00	0.98	0.00
Observation	1690		1690		1690

USA
Basic demo
Female	− 0.62	0.00	− 0.53	0.00	− 0.78	0.00
Age 25–34	− 0.96	0.00	− 1.03	0.00	− 1.07	0.00
Age 35–44	− 0.26	0.06	− 0.30	0.04	− 0.35	0.02
ParEd = below HS	− 1.44	0.00	− 0.91	0.00	− 0.63	0.01
ParEd = HS	− 0.30	0.01	− 0.13	0.23	0.02	0.83
≤ 25 books at home	− 0.61	0.00	− 0.17	0.30	0.09	0.57
26–100 books at home	− 0.30	0.04	− 0.15	0.30	− 0.07	0.63
Cognitive Skills
Std. (Lit + Num)			0.79	0.00	0.48	0.00
Education Attainment
EDATT = below HS					− 3.01	0.00
EDATT = HS					− 1.39	0.00
EDATT = some college					− 1.02	0.00
Reference group	0.95	0.00	0.44	0.00	1.25	0.00
Observation	1700		1700		1700