How long is the shadow? The relationships of family background to selected adult outcomes: results from PIAAC

Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 2 Association between Parental Education and Educational Attainment (Gamma coefficients), Probability of Attaining Comparable/Higher Education Level than Parents and Probability of Attaining Higher Education Level than Parents

Country (ranked by [A])	Gamma for all (asymptotic standard error) [A]	Prob. of attaining comparable/higher education level^a [B]	Prob. of attaining higher education level^b [C]
SVK	0.76 (.017)	0.92	0.35
ITA	0.70 (.019)	0.95	0.40
POL	0.67 (.018)	0.94	0.48
CZE	0.66 (.023)	0.88	0.23
ESP	0.56 (.019)	0.92	0.48
USA	0.54 (.020)	0.78	0.36
DEU	0.54 (.021)	0.74	0.22
BEL	0.53 (.019)	0.82	0.48
GBR	0.53 (.015)	0.82	0.42
FRA	0.53 (.018)	0.88	0.49
KOR	0.51 (.016)	0.92	0.65
IRL	0.51 (.017)	0.87	0.53
NLD	0.48 (.021)	0.86	0.55
AUT	0.46 (.021)	0.81	0.31
JPN	0.46 (.020)	0.79	0.41
CAN	0.45 (.009)	0.78	0.46
DEN	0.43 (.018)	0.73	0.39
SWE	0.43 (.022)	0.76	0.55
EST	0.39 (.017)	0.75	0.43
NOR	0.38 (.021)	0.78	0.47
FIN	0.30 (.023)	0.87	0.56
Median	0.52	0.82	0.46

^aProbability that an individual’s Educational Attainment equals or exceeds the educational level of the most educated parent
^bProbability that an individual’s Educational Attainment exceeds the educational level of the most educated parent, conditional on neither parent having tertiary education