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Table 7 Results of multi-group regression analyses of the impact of students’ characteristics on ‘Students’ Attitude Toward Reading’ in a cross-country comparison (unstandardized betas, significant effects in italic)
| France | Germany | Italy | Netherlands | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | |
| Intercept | .00 | − .36 (.21) | .00 | − .66 (.16) | .00 | − .77 (.13) | .00 | − .74 (.24) |
| b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | |
| Student and home characteristics | ||||||||
| Spoken test language at home | − .01 (.08) | − .01 (.07) | .11 (.10) | − .11 (.10) | .03 (.09) | .08 (.07) | .05 (.12) | .02 (.10) |
| Books at home | .13 (.04) | .20 (.04) | .33 (.05) | .21 (.04) | .07 (.04) | .10 (.04) | .17 (.05) | .06 (.04) |
| Books for children at home | .00 (.05) | .02 (.05) | .06 (.05) | .18 (.04) | .08 (.04) | .04 (.04) | .07 (.05) | .10 (.05) |
| Highest parental educational status | .06 (.04) | .05 (.04) | .06 (.04) | .00 (.04) | − .01 (.04) | .00 (.03) | .06 (.04) | − .02 (.04) |
| Parents like reading | .17 (.04) | .10 (.04) | .02 (.05) | .11 (.04) | .05 (.04) | − .02 (.04) | .08 (.04) | .10 (.04) |
| Early literacy activities | .08 (.04) | .08 (.04) | .04 (.04) | − .01 (.04) | .11 (.04) | .02 (.03) | .06 (.04) | .06 (.04) |
| Reading outside school | .43 (.03) | .50 (.05) | .28 (.04) | .37 (.04) | .28 (.04) | .31 (.04) | .38 (.04) | .34 (.05) |
| Borrow books from a library | .11 (.11) | .26 (.09) | .24 (.10) | .35 (.09) | .25 (.09) | .24 (.07) | .11 (.11) | .44 (.10) |
| Years teaching | .00 (.04) | .03 (.04) | − .02 (.04) | .08 (.04) | .01 (.04) | .03 (.04) | − .01 (.05) | .01 (.04) |
| Female sex | − .08 (.13) | − .12 (.15) | − .15 (.15) | .11 (.14) | − .18 (.18) | − .05 (.23) | − .02 (.13) | − .12 (.10) |
| Software for Reading Instruction | .03 (.01) | .02 (.02) | − .00 (.02) | .03 (.02) | .01 (.02) | .01 (.02) | − .01 (.01) | − .01 (.02) |
| Time spent on reading instruction/activities | .07 (.04) | − .03 (.04) | .06 (.04) | .03 (.04) | .01 (.04) | .04 (.04) | .06 (.04) | .01 (.03) |
| Classroom library | .03 (.04) | − .02 (.04) | .06 (.04) | .01 (.04) | .03 (.04) | .07 (.03) | .11 (.03) | − .01 (.02) |
| School library | .09 (.09) | − .04 (.09) | − .15 (.10) | − .15 (.09) | − .13 (.10) | − .16 (.10) | .19 (.10) | .00 (.12) |
| R2 | .27 | .27 | .24 | .31 | .14 | .17 | .23 | .26 |
| Χ2 | 170.52 | 146.277 | 167.596 | 118.272 | ||||
| Df | 96 | 96 | 60 | 60 | ||||
| p | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| RMSEA | .02 | .02 | .03 | .03 | ||||
| CFI | .98 | .99 | .98 | .99 | ||||
| TLI | .97 | .99 | .98 | .99 | ||||
| WRMR | 1.31 | 1.10 | 1.54 | 1.27 | ||||
